COURSEWORK 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

2 - Coursework Example Change is unavoidable in people groups singular lives as well as in business associations †for benefit or not. Change is inescapable; it is likewise one of the constants in this world. It doesnt matter if an association is taking care of the effect of progress †mechanical, cultural and advertise †on how they work together. These progressions will even now affect on them and the individuals who respond quickest and most helpfully will endure. The executives speculations developed because of progress. From the logical administration to brought together association; from a decentralized administration to engaged workforce; and from an information the executives to learning association. So as to ensure its present status, Toyota Motors Corporation, as it's been said, must run quicker to remain set up. Above all else, it must grasp change entire heartedly †this implies the whole association all in all instead of its parts separately. The above changes sadly results to an increasingly ferocious rivalry in the car business as well as in all enterprises influenced by these changes. Continuing business as usual or getting by in an exceptionally serious condition is costly. Organizations, to keep up their remaining in the market, need to spend increasingly more in promoting and different exercises to support the market’s enthusiasm for their items and administrations. This training is lethal over the long haul. Absolutely an organization can not uncertainly spend its scant money related assets in exercises which can just support what is. To endure the organization must please existing clients, yet make new ones as well. In this powerful condition, an association discovers change and execution improvement more as issues of business endurance as opposed to as issues of seriousness. Item separation and cost initiative are two techniques an organization can embrace to remain in front of rivalry. Constant procedure improvement

CIPD Profession Map Essay

Presentation This report is a concise rundown of the CIPD Profession Map, the two center proficient territories, the pro regions, the groups and the practices. It will be really expounding in the exercises and information determined inside the expert zone of Performance and Rewards at band 1 level. It will distinguish the exercises and information generally fundamental to my own HR job. The CIPD Profession Map (CIPD, 2013) The expert guide is a general stage for HR experts, which depicts what you have to do, what you have to know and how to do it. It is planned by experts for experts. The 10 Professional Areas There are two center proficient territories; Insights, Strategy and Solutions and Leading HR, these sit at the focal point of the calling and are applicable to all HR experts in all jobs, areas and at all phases of the HR profession. These two territories bolster the bearing of the calling as a business discipline. Bits of knowledge, Strategy and Solutions †Developing a comprehension of an association and its back-ground so as to style its technique and arrangements and to address its issues until further notice and later on, by perusing significant data and articles to construct and expand a comprehension of new activities and practices across territories of HR. Driving HR †Act as a good example to extend the impact HR makes to the association both through its own endeavors and through supporting, creating and estimating others over the association. This should be possible by giving counsel privately dependent on a sound comprehension of the associations strategy and pract ice. (CIPD, The CIPD Profession Map, pp. 10, 14) The staying eight expert zones are: Authoritative Design †To guarantee the association is reasonably intended to convey greatest effect in the short and long haul. Hierarchical Development †Identify authoritative and singular capacity requirementsâ and bolster all procedures to improve adequacy and accomplish association objectives, culture, practices and aptitudes Resourcing and Talent Planning †Ensuring the association has the correct asset, capability, capacity and ability to accomplish the prompt and key objectives. Learning and Development †Build individual and authoritative capacity and information to meet present and key prerequisites. Execution and Reward †Deliver programs that remunerate and perceive key workers, in a reasonable and financially savvy way. Worker Engagement †Strengthen the association between the association and representatives with the goal that representatives are increasingly satisfied by their work. Representative Relations †Underpin the associations culture, practices, strategies and important law. Administration Delivery and Information †Customer centered conveyance over the whole representative lifecycle. (CIPD, The CIPD Profession Map, pp. 17-39) The 4 Bands and Transitions The four groups of expert skill layout the impact that experts make at each phase of their HR profession. The change difficulties identify with moving starting with one band then onto the next. (CIPD, The CIPD Profession Map, pp. 6-7) The 8 Behaviors The following are eight practices that every HR proficient requirements to do their exercises: 1. Inquisitive 2. Unequivocal Thinker 3. Gifted Influencer 4. Actually Credible 5. Collective 6. Headed to Deliver 7. Mental fortitude to Challenge 8. Good example (CIPD, The CIPD Profession Map, p. 43) The Professional Area of Performance and Reward Execution and prizes is characterized as: â€Å"Help make and keep up a high-accomplishing association culture by conveying programs that compensate and perceive key representatives abilities, aptitudes, practices, understanding and execution, and guarantee that reward frameworks are showcase applicable and cost effective† At Band 1 the accompanying exercises should be done: Identify necessities and create procedure Assorted variety and consistence Actualize pay and prize practice Execute separately customized and worldwide prizes Correspondence and execution culture The most basic to my job is Identify Requirements and Develop Strategy, in the last yearly examinations I was entrusted with ordering the evaluation frames and dissecting the information on the structures to give data to executives regarding how representatives felt about their future inside the association and what the association could do to assist their profession movement. The most fundamental zone of my job is: Examine Data Break down Data In the wake of finishing the assessment of My HR Map instrument the accompanying zones were distinguished for advancement: Become an approach master Realize the association by considering the presentation and prizes information and acclimate myself with the approaches and practices. Stay up to date with significant business law Invest energy with exile representatives to get sway Utilize my own system to give input. End This report has quickly summed up the CIPD Profession Map †the 2 center proficient zones, 8 authority proficient territories, the 4 groups and 8 practices. It has likewise remarked on the exercises and information determined inside the Performance and Rewards proficient territory at band 1. Movement 2 How a HR Practitioner ought to guarantee the administrations they give are convenient and successful: Within my HR job, my three fundamental clients are: 1. Current Employees 2. Future Employees 3. The board Clients Needs Current Employees Data on business agreements and arrangements Future Employees Acceptance †data on organization approaches The board Direction and counsel on shortages on help Right off the bat you have to build up what the customer’s prerequisites are by posing inquiries and gathering the information to comprehend the customer’s needs. Your administration conveyance approach should utilize powerful innovation and conform to the associations methodology. It is essential to construct a client support culture and measure its viability. Organizing the necessities of every client can be hazardous, as every one can feel their need is more prominent. For instance current workers may require data seeing their advantages, for example, private clinical and future representatives might be posing inquiries on organization strategies as to yearly leave before they sign their business contract, which thus will mean administration will pursue for this to be settled as fast as could reasonably be expected. As a HR proficient it would be your business to determine which requests were the most dire, guaranteeing that client concentrate needs are overseen in a convenient and compelling way. It is significant that all clients are kept educated and given practical desires for how and when HR can manage their inquiries. Compelling Communication The following is a table with 3 instances of compelling interchanges to clients: Correspondence Points of interest Drawbacks Phone Conversation Moment Individual Worldwide Reach Capacity to Conference Call Time Regions Incapable to Read Body-language Signal Problems No Audit Trail Web based life Moment Huge Audience Visual Useful for Recruitment Not Confidential Character Size Limit Access Mis-use Post Recorded Individual Classified Review Trail Slow Cost Tedious Uncertain if message has been comprehended Conveying Service on Time and on Budget For successful assistance conveyance HR needs to organize to guarantee that any inquiries are taken care of in a compelling way as indicated by direness and what sway it has on the client and the association. To convey the serviceâ you must guarantee you are predictable and that you comprehend what desires your clients have. Overseeing time and current outstanding task at hand is pivotal to guarantee that the administration is conveyed on schedule. A HR specialist ought to consistently know about the cost requirements and the authoritative budgetary model supporting assistance conveyance. It is essential to have administration conveyance focuses inside an association, for example, a Service Level Agreement, which is an expansion of the client care idea. Managing Difficult Customers and Resolving Complaints When managing troublesome clients it is imperative to design your reaction cautiously and to guarantee that the accompanying advances are met: Tune in to what they are stating †don't hinder Identify/sympathize Don’t legitimize Pose applicable inquiries Concur a strategy Check the strategy †utilize their words to explain On the off chance that the above is followed, it will cause the client to feel esteemed and advance the HR division for giving brilliant client assistance. Book index CIPD. (2013). www.cipd.co.uk. CIPD. (n.d.). The CIPD Profession Map.

Make a Fake Neon Sign Using Fluorescence

Make a Fake Neon Sign Using Fluorescence Do you love the appearance of neon signs, yet need an economical elective that you can tweak to state anything you desire? You can make a phony neon sign utilizing fluorescence to make economical regular materials gleam. Counterfeit Neon Sign Materials You just need a couple of essential materials for this undertaking. Adaptable plastic tubing (typically sold as aquarium tubing)Glue gunCardboard or other hardened support for your signFluorescent highlighter pen or clothing detergentWaterBlack light Make the Fake Neon The plastic tubing will gleam blue under a dark light, so in fact this venture will work on the off chance that you essentially structure a sign with the tubing and enlighten it with a dark light (bright light). Be that as it may, youll get an a lot more splendid gleam on the off chance that you fill the tubing with a fluorescent fluid, for example, a limited quantity of clothing cleanser broke up in water (brilliant blue) or a fluorescent highlighter ink cushion in water (accessible in different hues). Tip: A great deal of highlighter pens called fluorescent markers arent really fluorescent. Compose a snappy note on paper and sparkle a dark light on it to decide if the ink fluoresces. Yellow quite often sparkles. Blue once in a while does. Make the Sign Design Work on shaping the word you need on your sign so you can get a thought of how much tubing will be required.Cut the tubing to some degree longer than what you might suspect you will need.Fill the plastic tubing with your phony neon. Put one finish of the tubing into the fluorescent fluid and raise it higher than the opposite finish of the tubing. Spot the lower end of the tubing into a cup so you wont have a major wreckage. Let gravity pull the fluid down the tube.When the tubing is loaded up with fluid, seal its finishes with dots of heated glue. Permit the paste to cool before continuing to ensure you have a decent seal on your neon.Apply heated glue to adhere the tubing to the sponsorship you have chosen. Structure the word for your sign. On the off chance that you are making a sign that utilizes different words, you will require separate cylinders for each word.If you have overabundance tubing, painstakingly cut the end and seal it with hot glue.Illuminate the sign by turning on a dark light. A glaring light apparatus will give some gleam, yet for a splendid neon appearance, utilize a dark light.

Low Self-Esteem Linked to Domestic Violence

Low Self-Esteem Linked to Domestic Violence By and large, confidence and local violenceâ go connected at the hip. Low confidence can be welcomed on by an assortment of variables and can be a major issue for ladies (and men) who are survivors of abusive behavior at home. In opposition to what many accept, aggressive behavior at home isn't just about physical viciousness. It can likewise incorporate sexual maltreatment, psychological mistreatment, budgetary maltreatment, and following. Essentially, abusive behavior at home guilty parties consistently want to be in charge of their casualties. The less in charge a wrongdoer feels, the more they need to hurt others. In the event that survivors of aggressive behavior at home have low confidence, it can make them remain in an injurious relationship. This can prompt genuine wounds and even passing. Maria Phelps, an overcomer of severe abusive behavior at home and the blogger behind A Movement Against Domestic Violence, notes: Confidence alone can't battle abusive behavior at home. A lady with high confidence can be influenced by abusive behavior at home, however I feel that the lady with better mental self portrait will be increasingly engaged to leave a relationship where there is misuse, and that is the significant thing to concentrate on. Ladies with low confidence feel that they can't show improvement over the circumstance they are in, which makes them far more averse to leave than a lady who has high confidence and can go to bat for herself. Abusive behavior at home guilty parties will in general go after ladies who have low confidence, understanding that the casualty will need and need them regardless of what they do. In light of the association between confidence and aggressive behavior at home, it is basic to show kids confidence. As indicated by Overcoming.co.uk, a site that centers around psychological wellness issues, â€Å"Crucial encounters that help to frame our convictions about ourselves regularly (in spite of the fact that not generally) happen right on time in life.† It is, hence, fundamental that kids are acquainted with the idea of confidence at an early age. So as to help forestall aggressive behavior at home in people in the future, kids need to comprehend if what they are feeling is solid and learn constructive approaches to rest easy thinking about themselves. Alexis A. Moore, author of Survivors In Action, watches: Ladies don’t leave due to dread and confidence. Most ladies, in the event that we request that they state the fact of the matter, are frightful of going out all alone. It’s a confidence issue fundamentally that is intensified by dread that they can’t make only it without their batterer. Guilty parties are extremely mindful of this and use it to further their potential benefit. On the off chance that an abuser feels that his accomplice is getting increasingly enabled to leave, damnation turn on the appeal to persuade the casualty that he really loves her, at that point remove something from her to control and rule her. That something could be the victim’s right to cash or protection or any number of different rights. He may tell the casualty that shes nothing contrasted with him, making the casualty feel powerless and apprehensive. Regardless of whether a casualty appears as though she has nothing else to lose, a guilty party can at present discover something to control and that typically significantly affects the victim’s confidence, making her stay with her abuser for simply that tad longer. Ladies managing abusive behavior at home need to recollect that they are not the only one. Loved ones of casualties ought to give continuous updates that they can escape the circumstance and have a typical existence. Casualties need backing to feel enabled to carry on with an actual existence liberated from savagery. Phelps, who was battered for a considerable length of time by her significant other an instructor and a combative techniques dark belt realizes that it is so difficult to leave. However she has one reaction to aggressive behavior at home casualties who ask what they ought to do: The main response to this inquiry is to run. It is never the correct decision to remain in a relationship where there is misuse included. A casualty of aggressive behavior at home should frame a wellbeing design and escape the circumstance at the principal chance they can. Each survivor of aggressive behavior at home needs to recollect that it doesn’t matter how little and helpless your aggressor causes you to feel. You are worth more and have the right to be treated with deference and pride, much the same as every other person.

2012 Admitted Freshman Statistics - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

2012 Admitted Freshman Statistics - UGA Undergraduate Admissions 2012 Admitted Freshman Statistics As I promised last week, here are the statistics on the Admitted Class of 2016. I do not have the stats for the wait-list group ( just over 1100 were offered wait-list) at this time as we do not know who will remain on the WL, so you will have to be happy with this information for now. We are thrilled that we had such a strong applicant pool, and the admitted group is very impressive. Remember, the statistics I give out are the middle 50% ranges, so please take that into consideration when viewing the information. We admitted slightly under 10,300 freshman, and are aiming for a class of 5,000 enrolling students. Mid-50% range for GPA: 3.74-4.04 (please remember that this is not the GPA you see on your transcript, but the GPA that UGA calculates based on the core courses taken in HS, and looking at the actual grades on the transcript) Mid-50% range for the SAT CR and M: 1190-1360 Mid-50% range for the SAT Writing: 580-690 Mid-50% range for the ACT: 27-31 Average number of AP/IB courses: Approximately 6 39% of the freshman admitted to UGA had their strongest test score from the ACT, and if their ACT was then translated to the SAT, the SAT mid-ranges increase by over 30 points for the combined CR/M. While we show the average number of AP/IB courses, we look at the entire course selection, and the accepted students have challenged themselves with a wide range of Honors and Advanced courses, summer programs, and a number of college courses taken through Joint Enrollment/Dual Enrollment programs (roughly 950 accepted students are taking dual enrollment classes). Statistics can never show the other qualities that we have seen from our admitted group, from leadership capabilities to strong writing, being active in their schools and communities, to showing great growth from freshman to senior year. Congratulations to the admitted class of 2016! Now we just have to wait and see who chooses to attend, so send in your deposit if UGA is your school of choice. These are all the stats I can give you right now, so please do not ask for other data, as I will just have to say no. Our office is focused on phone calls, emails, WL information and transfer reviews, so I cannot always slog through the data.

2012 Admitted Freshman Statistics - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

2012 Admitted Freshman Statistics - UGA Undergraduate Admissions 2012 Admitted Freshman Statistics As I promised last week, here are the statistics on the Admitted Class of 2016. I do not have the stats for the wait-list group ( just over 1100 were offered wait-list) at this time as we do not know who will remain on the WL, so you will have to be happy with this information for now. We are thrilled that we had such a strong applicant pool, and the admitted group is very impressive. Remember, the statistics I give out are the middle 50% ranges, so please take that into consideration when viewing the information. We admitted slightly under 10,300 freshman, and are aiming for a class of 5,000 enrolling students. Mid-50% range for GPA: 3.74-4.04 (please remember that this is not the GPA you see on your transcript, but the GPA that UGA calculates based on the core courses taken in HS, and looking at the actual grades on the transcript) Mid-50% range for the SAT CR and M: 1190-1360 Mid-50% range for the SAT Writing: 580-690 Mid-50% range for the ACT: 27-31 Average number of AP/IB courses: Approximately 6 39% of the freshman admitted to UGA had their strongest test score from the ACT, and if their ACT was then translated to the SAT, the SAT mid-ranges increase by over 30 points for the combined CR/M. While we show the average number of AP/IB courses, we look at the entire course selection, and the accepted students have challenged themselves with a wide range of Honors and Advanced courses, summer programs, and a number of college courses taken through Joint Enrollment/Dual Enrollment programs (roughly 950 accepted students are taking dual enrollment classes). Statistics can never show the other qualities that we have seen from our admitted group, from leadership capabilities to strong writing, being active in their schools and communities, to showing great growth from freshman to senior year. Congratulations to the admitted class of 2016! Now we just have to wait and see who chooses to attend, so send in your deposit if UGA is your school of choice. These are all the stats I can give you right now, so please do not ask for other data, as I will just have to say no. Our office is focused on phone calls, emails, WL information and transfer reviews, so I cannot always slog through the data.

Preying on the Immigrant Experience Sinclairs The Jungle - Literature Essay Samples

During the industrial revolution in America, many immigrant families migrated from countries in Europe and Asia in hope of finding a better life in the land of the free. However, when they arrived by the boatload, they were met with poor working conditions and wages that were nearly impossible to live off of. The immigrants suddenly found themselves working, slaving away with little or no choice on when they would be forced to work because they needed the money so desperately to feed their starving families. This sad state of affairs is reflected by the main characters in Upton Sinclairs novel The Jungle. Jurgis and his family found themselves entrapped in the corruption of American society, unwilling to believe that America was anything but the land they had given up their old lives for. Society taking advantage of the naive immigrants began very shortly once Jurgis’s family began the migration to America. Money was a very important factor in the immigration of many foreign families, for without it they would have an almost impossible time settling into their new home. However, various con artists wait patiently to prey on the innocent immigrants as they make their landing in America. â€Å"There was an agent who helped them, but he got them into a trap with some officials, and cost them a good deal of their precious money† (Sinclair 24). Most immigrants knew nothing about the country, so â€Å"it was easy for a man in a blue uniform to lead them away, and to take them to a hotel and keep them there, and make them pay enormous charges to get away† (24). The confused Lithuanians knew no better than to follow when they were told to, thus allowing predators to take advantage of the foreigners for their own personal gain, disregarding the strong soci al values the families share. The law called for essential information to be displayed in America, but nowhere does it say that it should be in Lithuanian or any other language. This allows for the corrupt American society to exploit the ignorance of the immigrants. Many of the families who immigrated to America in the early 1900’s were uncultured to American society and because of this, they were easily tricked. When Jurgis and his family look for a house to buy in America, they are easily swindled by smooth-talking realtors. The family notices an ad in the paper for what seems to be the perfect house they need for just what they could afford. At just twelve dollars a month and three hundred down, the family pounces on an opportunity to call Packingtown their home. The ad â€Å"even quoted ‘Home, Sweet Home,’ and made bold to translate it into Polish† (47). This parallels with Jurgis’s observation in the beginning of the book, where no one bothered to translate the rate card outside the hotels into any other language. The real estate companies took the time to translate the home add into Polish in order to catch the eye of and take advantage of the naive immigrants. Realtors claimed that the house was brand new , although it had been simply repainted after the previous tenants had failed to pay their monthly fees. Blind to this fact, the presumably happy family moves into anew house, unknowing of what surprises were to come. After visiting a Lithuanian neighbor, they learn that the builders â€Å"used the very flimsiest and the cheapest material, they build the houses a dozen at a time, and they cared about nothing at all except the outside shine† (69). The realtors and house builders took advantage of the naivety of the immigrants to sell houses with the â€Å"idea that the people who bought them would not be able to pay for them† (69). Once the tenants failed to make a payment on the house, they would lose the house and all they had paid on it. This encounter with the fellow Lithuanian neighbor foreshadows the family’s inevitable fate. When Jurgis demands to know the hidden expenses on the house, he learns that they must pay between sixty and seventy additional dolla rs a year for insurance, water and taxes. Families who immigrated to America during the period of industrial revolution were often taken advantage of in the workplace. Immigrants in the town of Packingtown, Chicago were exploited and dehumanized while working in the infamous packing plants. The desperate need for a job in Packingtown caused lines of hundreds of starved men to accumulate outside the doors of the plants. The owners of the packing plants knew how high demand a job was for immigrant families, so they treated their workers like they were less than human. The men were forced to work â€Å"with furious intensity, literally upon the runat a pace with which there is nothing compared except a football game† (41). The extreme debt that the immigrants were forced into by the predators of Packingtown made it impossible for them to slow down while working, in fear that they might lose their job. The fear of losing their job was the driving factor for the immigrants to keep working at the packing plant. A loss of a job would mean that they would become a burden to the family, something no man at the time could bear the thought of. If the production line began to slow, then the plant would bring in workers who earned large wages and worked incredibly fast. Strategic positioning of these workers allowed for the speed of production to increase, although most workers were so exhausted that they were working as robots. The packing plants took advantage of the immigrants the hired, and treated them as though they were replaceable cogs in the great Packingtown machine. In The Jungle, Jurgis and the other immigrants living in Packingtown were constantly taken advantage of by past immigrants who were higher up in society. Whether it was on the trip to America, during their first house purchase or in the workplace, the immigrants had to be on the constant lookout for scoundrels looking to swindle the families of their precious money. Immigrants were pushed to the breaking point, and finally had to decide whether to stick to their good morals and continue to be pushed around by the bullies within their ociety, or to lose sight of their identities and become one with the corruption of America.

Traditional Education And Online Education - 926 Words

Which Is Batter, Online or Traditional Education Imagine that someone studies and has a neighbor in the same age. They study in together until high school. Someone continues to go to university but his neighbor decides to stay at home. They finally graduate and discover that his neighbor also graduate. Here will be there a lot of the questions beginning revolve in his head. How does his neighbor graduate and not go to school? The answer is an easy. His neighbor benefited from technology in education. This is technology that called online education or sometimes called E-learning where technology is no longer confined to certain areas. Traditional education and online education are two ways to receive an education. Traditional education is the oldest means of learning but online education has evolved and spread among the general public. It becomes an easy way to receive education and breaks the routine of traditional education. Although some people prefer study of the traditional way of education, online education has important advan tages that these people have probably not considered. Until now, many people believe that when their children attend a class in school, they will learn punctuality. They argue that their children when they spend a lot of time in school, it will be useful for them. Many people like to stick to the habits that arise as teaching traditional methods and not convinced modern methods that they used in education, trying to instill concepts in theirShow MoreRelatedTraditional Education Vs. Online Education1026 Words   |  5 Pages1101 29 October 2015 Traditional Education vs. Online Education Nowadays, education is becoming one of the fundamental things in a human lifetime; most people are trying to achieve a higher education. As technology develops considerably, it has bearings on every area of our life, even in the way of education. The development of technology has a large impact on education. Before this progression of technology, the education system was only traditional. Currently, the education system has been changedRead MoreOnline Education vs Traditional Education1666 Words   |  7 PagesOnline Education vs. Traditional Education Nowadays, with the technology furtherance and the increased use of the internet, online education has gained significant acceptance and popularity all over the world. Not too long ago, online education offered no competition to traditional education .Today, with more choices being offered online, traditional education is now facing a number of challenges in every level. This has as a result, the competition between those two educational programs, havingRead MoreOnline Education Vs Traditional Education1657 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing online learning. Which is the better option: traditional or online classes? Online education has become more and more popular with a â€Å"3.9% increase in the number of [online] education students† (2015) and â€Å"5.8 million students enrolled in online courses in the fall of 2014† (2015). When we look at the nuts and bolts of a traditional classroom setting compared to an online classroom setting, it becomes clear that online classes are the way to go. Not only do the many benefits of online learningRead MoreOnline Education Vs Traditional Education840 Words   |  4 PagesOnline education provides an individual with much more flexibility than the traditional education. Students that take online courses are provided with the facility to work along with carrying on their studies. Many students with great potential are not able to continue their studies just because they are not able to afford the fee and other expenses associated with education. Online education brings students back to the world of academia by providing them with flexible schedules. The students canRead MoreOnline Education Vs Traditional Education1390 Words   |  6 PagesOnline Education Vs Traditional Education In the present world, there are a lot of options for a student to choose for his education. Each and every student learning technique are different and learn differently and in today’s world of increasing technology, the question will be whether to offer classes or take up classes online, but rather how to implement them effectively and efficiently. Hence a student must have to weigh a huge list of pros and cons before they choose one of the two optionsRead MoreOnline Education Vs Traditional Education1068 Words   |  5 PagesOn-Line Education versus Traditional Education Introduction/Thesis Online education has rapidly become a popular alternative to traditional education, due to the flexible nature of the courses and also the fact that the online learning environment may not require additional expenses. However, some people find traditional learning to be more advantageous than online learning. The traditional learning environment provides some people with more support throughout their scholastic career. When lookingRead MoreOnline Education Versus Traditional Education1196 Words   |  5 PagesOnline Education versus Traditional Education Many students have a difficult time choosing between online education and traditional education. Both styles of education offer advantages and disadvantages to the student. There are many things to consider when making this life altering decision, such as, cost, convenience, time, social interaction, and technology. This information is meant to inform prospective students looking to further their education of the pros and cons of both online educationRead MoreOnline Education Vs. Traditional Education1221 Words   |  5 PagesBenefits of Online Education Factions and supporters of online education express many advantages of online education compared to old-style classroom instruction. First, enrollment options are offered to each student to study online for most degree plans, with a flexible enrollment option and from any location, free from a competitive student classroom environment (Frame et al., 2015). Second, online education provides the student the option to work their assignments from home or any location atRead MoreOnline vs Traditional Education930 Words   |  4 PagesOnline versus traditional education There seems to be a new type of education out there for people instead of traditional education. The type of education I am talking about is online education. You may be wondering what I mean by an online education is and how you learn with it. This compare and contrast essay will talk about the pro’s and cons of each of the types of education and why I prefer to do online education versus doing a traditional education. Throughout this paper I will be discussingRead MoreOnline vs. Traditional Education1096 Words   |  5 PagesOnline vs. Traditional Education Have you ever had the opportunity to take online classes? Have you even heard of online classes? If you haven’t, you are missing out on a great opportunity. Online education is rapidly becoming a popular alternative to traditional education. It is offering more flexibility for students and providing individuals with better opportunities for postsecondary education. Even though traditional education has been the only form of education for hundreds of years

Dongson Culture Bronze Age in Southeast Asia

Dongson culture (sometimes spelled Dong Son, and translated as East Mountain) is the name given to a loose confederation of societies who lived in northern Vietnam likely between 600 BC-AD 200. The Dongson were late bronze/early iron age metallurgists, and their cities and villages were located in the deltas of the Hong, Ma and Ca rivers of northern Vietnam: as of 2010, more than 70 sites had been discovered in a variety of environmental contexts. The Dongson culture was first recognized in the late 19th century during Western-led excavations of the cemetery and settlement of the type site of Dongson. The culture is best known for Dong Son drums: distinctive, giant ceremonial bronze drums lavishly decorated with ritual scenes and depictions of warriors. These drums have been found throughout southeast Asia. Chronology One of the debates still swirling in the literature about the Dong Son is the chronology. Direct dates on objects and sites are rare: many organic materials were recovered from wetland regions and conventional radiocarbon dates have proven elusive. Exactly when and how bronze-working arrived in southeast Asia is still a matter of fierce debate. Nevertheless, cultural phases have been identified, if the dates are in question. Dong Khoi/Dongson Culture (latest phase): type 1 bronze drums, daggers with garlic-bulb shaped handles, armor, bowls, containers. (probably 600 BC-AD 200, but some scholars suggest a start as early as 1000 BC)Go Mun Period: more bronze, socketed spears, fishhooks, bronze strings, axes and scythes, few stone tools; pottery with everted rimsDong Dau Period: new elements include better developed bronze working, pottery is thick and heavy, with combed decorations of geometric patternsPhung Nguyen Period (earliest): stone tool technology, axes, trapezoidal or rectangular adzes, chisels, knives, points, and ornaments; wheel-thrown pots, fine, thin-walled, polished, dark rose to light rose or brown. Decorations are geometric; some minor amounts of bronze working (perhaps as early as 1600 BC) Material Culture What is clear from their material culture, Dongson people split their food economies between fishing, hunting, and farming. Their material culture included agricultural tools such as socketed and boot-shaped axes, spades and hoes; hunting tools such as tanged and plain arrow-heads; fishing tools such as grooved net sinkers and socketed spearheads; and weapons such as daggers. Spindle whorls and clothing decoration attest to textile production; and personal ornamentation includes miniature bells, bracelets, belt hooks, and buckles. Drums, decorated weapons, and personal ornamentation were made with bronze: iron was the choice for utilitarian tools and weapons without decoration. Bronze and iron forges have been identified within a handful of Dongson communities. Bucket-shaped ceramic pots called situlae were decorated with geometric zoned incised or combed patterns. Living Dongson Dongson houses were set on stilts with thatched roofs. Grave deposits include a few bronze weapons, drums, bells, spittoons, situlae, and daggers. A handful of larger communities such as Co Loa contained fortifications, and there is some evidence for social differentiation (ranking) among the house sizes and in the artifacts buried with individuals. Scholars are split on whether Dongson was a state-level society with control over what is now northern Vietnam or a loose confederation of villages that shared cultural material and practices. If a state society was formed, the driving force may have been the need for water control of the Red River delta region. Boat Burials The importance of sea-going to Dongson society is made clear by the presence of a handful of boat-burials, graves that use segments of canoes as coffins. At Dong Xa, a research team (Bellwood et al.) discovered a  largely  preserved burial which used a 2.3-meter (7.5-foot) long segment of a canoe. The body, wrapped carefully in several layers of a shroud of ramie (Boehmeria  sp)  textile, was placed in the canoe segment, with the head at the open end and feet in the intact stern or bow. A Dong Son cord-marked pot as placed next to the head; a small flanged cup made of red lacquered wood called a beggars cup was found inside the pot, similar to one dated 150 BC at Yen Bac. Two bulkheads were placed at the open end. The person buried was an adult aged 35-40, indeterminate sex. Two  Han dynasty  coins minted from 118 BC-220 AD were placed within the  burial  and parallels to  Western  Han tomb at  Mawangdui  at Hunan, China ca. 100 BC: Bellwood and colleagues dated the Dong Xa boat burial as ca. 20-30 BC. A second boat-burial was identified at Yen Bac.  Looters  discovered this burial and removed an adult body, but a few bones of a  6- to 9-month-old  child were found during professional excavations along with a few textiles and bronze artifacts.  A third  burial at Viet Khe (although not a real boat burial, the coffin was built from the planks of a boat) was probably dated between the 5th or 4th centuries BC. Characteristics of the boat architecture included dowels, mortises, tenons, rabbeted plank edges, and a locked mortise-and-tenon idea which may have been a borrowed concept from traders or trading networks from the Mediterranean via routes through India to Vietnam early in the first century BC. Debates and Theoretical Disputes Two major debates exist in the literature about Dongson culture. The  first (touched on above) has to do with when and how bronze-working came into Southeast Asia. The other has to do with the drums: were the drums an invention of Vietnamese Dongson culture or that of the Chinese mainland? This second debate appears to be the result of  the early  western influence and southeast Asia trying to shake that off. Archaeological research on Dongson drums took place beginning in the late 19th century and until the 1950s it was nearly exclusively the province of westerners, particularly Austrian archaeologist Franz Heger. Then after that, Vietnamese and Chinese scholars concentrated on them, and in the 1970s and 1980s, an emphasis on geographic and ethnic origins arose. Vietnamese scholars said the first bronze drum was invented in the Red and Black River valleys of northern Vietnam by the Lac Viet, and then spread to other parts of southeast Asia and southern China. Chinese archaeologists said that the Pu in southern China made the first bronze drum in Yunnan, and the technique was simply adopted by the Vietnamese.   Sources Ballard C, Bradley R, Myhre LN, and Wilson M. 2004.  The ship as  a symbol  in the prehistory of Scandinavia and Southeast Asia.  World Archaeology  35(3):385-403Bellwood P, Cameron J, Van Viet N, and Van Liem B. 2007.  Ancient Boats, Boat Timbers, and Locked Mortise-and-Tenon Joints from Bronze/Iron-Age Northern Vietnam.  International Journal of Nautical Archaeology  36(1):2-20.Chinh HX, and Tien BV. 1980.  The Dongson Culture and Cultural Centers in the Metal Age in Vietnam.  Asian Perspectives  23(1):55-65.Han X. 1998.  The present echoes of the ancient bronze drums: Nationalism and archaeology in modern Vietnam and China.  Explorations  2(2):27-46.Han X. 2004.  Who Invented the Bronze Drum? Nationalism, Politics, and a Sino-Vietnamese Archaeological Debate of the 1970s and 1980s.  Asian Perspectives  43(1):7-33.Kim NC, Lai VT, and Hiep TH. 2010.  Co Loa: an investigation of Vietnams ancient capital.  Antiquity  84(326):1011-1027.Loofs-Wiss owa HHE. 1991.  Dongson Drums: Instruments of shamanism or regalia?  Arts Asiatiques  46(1):39-49.Matsumura H, Cuong NL, Thuy NK, and Anezaki T. 2001.  Dental Morphology of the Early Hoabinian, the Neolithic Da But and the Metal Age Dong Son Civilized Peoples in Vietnam.  Zeitschrift fà ¼r Morphologie und Anthropologie  83(1):59-73.OHarrow S. 1979. From Co-Loa to the Trung sisters revolt: Viet-Nam as the Chinese found it.  Asian Perspectives  22(2):140-163.Solheim WG. 1988.  A Brief History of the Dongson Concept.  Asian Perspectives  28(1):23-30.Tan HV. 1984.  Prehistoric Pottery in Viet Nam And its Relationships with Southeast Asia.  Asian Perspectives  26(1):135-146.Tessitore J. 1988.  View from the East Mountain: An Examination of the Relationship between the Dong Son and Lake Tien Civilizations in the First Millennium B.C.  Asian Perspectives  28(1):31-44.Yao A. 2010.  Recent Developments in the Archaeology of Southwestern China.  Journal of Archaeological Research  18(3):203-239.

106 Animals With Unusual Group Names

Leave it to the animal kingdom to bring us some unusual and fun-to-say names for certain animal groups. While it may be easy to think of all animals in terms of herds and packs, its so much more fun to learn the true group names for some of your favorite animals. Whether its an unkindness of ravens or a cete of badgers, the animal kingdom is rich with clever and creative names for groupings of animals. From a wake of buzzards to a leap of lizards, explore the following odd and awesome animal group names throughout the rest of the article, categorized alphabetically by the animals mentioned and used in fun sentences that I hope tells a compelling narrative of exploring over 100 unique names of groups of animals. From a Rookery of Albatrosses to a Murder of Crows The etymology of why we call groups of animals a particular noun truly derives from humans instinctive nature to categorize and compartmentalize identifiers in their brain. For this reason, collective nouns were created to describe particular animal groups. That way, even without the identifying noun of the animal itself, when referring to collective nouns like a shrewdness roaming the jungle, one can safely assume the speaker is talking about a group of apes. Did you know a group of albatross was called a rookery or a group of alligators called a congregation or that baboons travel in troops while badgers travel in cetes and bats in cauldrons? Its best to be wary when a sloth of bears comes lumbering through the woods, which may occur as a sedge of American bitterns, a chain of bobolinks, a bellowing of bullfinches or a wake of buzzards circle overhead. Hunters may take bloodhounds out in a sute, but a clowder or pounce of cats or kindle or litter of kittens wouldnt be quite right for the job. Still, while roaming through the obstinacy of buffalo, one might notice an army of caterpillars, or more rarely a coalition of cheetahs somewhere on the open plains. Be careful not to step on a quiver of cobras, the resulting scream may set a gulp of cormorants or a cover of coots, or worse yet a murder or horde of crows to flight.   From a Pack of Dogs to a Leash of Foxes Dogs can either be identified as a litter of puppies, a pack of wild dogs, or a cowardice of curs while donkeys travel in groups known as paces. In terms of flying creatures, dotterels travel in trips, turtle doves in pityings, ducks swim in groups called rafts but fly in formations called flocks, while groups of eagles are proudly referred to as convocations. You wont want to miss a parade of elephants or a gang of elk roaming around, and a mob of emus and a business of ferrets are not quite as frightening as they sound. A cloud of grasshoppers, though, truly is terrifying, but you can take solace in that a tribe of goats will likely eat an entire cloud if given the chance. Some names, like a charm of finches, a tower of giraffes, a prickle of porcupines and a stand of flamingos make sense just because of the creature groups they name — finches are charming, giraffes do tower, porcupines do prickle and flamingos typically stand on one leg! However, Ive never seen a leash on a fox, but a group of foxes is called a leash. From a Band of Gorillas to a Parliament of Owls Groups of gorillas are known as bands, which bazars of guillemots or confusions of guinea fowls would certainly enjoy if only they played instruments! Bloats of hippopotamus or cackles of hyenas could bask by the watering hole while a shadow of jaguars, an ambush of tigers, a troop of kangaroos and a party of jays watch from the bushes! Elsewhere in the jungle, a conspiracy of lemurs leisurely hangs amongst the vines as a leap of leopards (or lizards, as the term fits both) and a pride of lions circle the group below. Meanwhile, a mischief of mice and labor of moles fights for control over a hollowed out tree stump they both want to call home while a barrel of monkeys hoots and holler at a passing barren of mules. In the category of flight, lapwings travel in deceits, larks in exaltations, mallards in sords, magpies in tidings or gulps, martins in richnesses, nightingales in watches and owls in parliaments. A pandemonium of parrots or a covey of partridges may also take part in a gathering of birds, while ostentations of peacocks may want to stand apart from the crowds. From a Rookery of Penguins to a Zeal of Zebras Penguins travel in groups called colonies, musters, parcels or rookeries — depending on the type of penguin — while otters travel in romps and jellyfish in smacks. Elsewhere underwater, a pod of porpoises, a fever of stingrays, a shiver of sharks, and a run of salmon frolick beneath the surface.   In the air, ravens travel in kindnesses, snipes in walks, sparrows in hosts, starlings in murmurations, and storks in musterings. Groups of swans are called bevies while groups of trush are called mutations. Turkeys travel in gangs (watch out) and vultures circle in kettles. Waterfowls travel in knobs but wildfowls travel in plumps and woodpeckers descend on trees in groups called descents. On land, a coterie of prairie dogs pops up on an unsuspecting nest of rabbits, a gaze of raccoons, a scurry of squirrels and a building of rooks. A rhumba of rattlesnakes shake their tails as a crash of rhinoceroses and a congress of salamanders pass too close, and a cluster of spiders hide in response.  A mud pit full of pigs can be referred to as a passel or a sounder while polecats specifically travel in chines. Whales travel in pods and wolves travel in packs while groups of wombats are called wisdoms and groups of zebras called zeals.

Raising A Healthier Generation Of Children - 1369 Words

In 2010 the lives of students in over 100,000 schools in the United States changed quite dramatically (What). The beloved junk food in the vending machines, high calorie lunches, and sugary drinks sold at schools were forcibly removed. Through the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) made the first major changes in school meals in 15 years (School). Although the initial reaction from students has been quite negative, this program is beneficial to schools and will fulfill its goal in raising a healthier generation of children (School). The National School Lunch Program was established under the National School Lunch Act signed by President Truman in 1946 (National). Schools involved in the lunch program receive cash subsidies and USDA foods from the USDA for each meal they serve. Only if their meals meet the federal requirement, will the school receive the money. The lunches provided are nutritionally balanced and low-cost or free. Today, o ver 31 million students receive meals through this lunch program (What). The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act was put in place to improve the already existing school meal requirements and promote better nutrition. The opponents to the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act are usually students who are angry about the loss of their junk food. With this being a large factor, students who pay for full price lunches declined by about 10% in 2013, the lowest rate in over a decade (Harrington). The GovernmentShow MoreRelatedRaising the Retirement Age Essay1462 Words   |  6 PagesThe idea of raising the retirement age because of social security concerns is a thought that many did not even consider when social security first started in 1935. As more and more baby boomers are becoming retirement age and can draw social security, less people are paying into the system which will bankrupt or significantly lessen the amount of social security benefits a retiree can draw. The average life expectancy ha s risen significantly since Social Security first started. Raising the age ofRead MoreChildhood Obesity : We Look Around Us And At Our Youth1139 Words   |  5 PagesChildhood Obesity As we look around us and at our youth we need to become informed of what our children are consuming on a daily basis. The statistics are beginning to acquire attention and they are leading our nation’s future down an unhealthy spiral. The finger pointing games will continue until both consumers and producers come to terms which are promoting healthier eating choices and maintaining daily exercise. Without both of these in our children’s lives, our nation is intentionally settingRead MoreThe Future of Responsibility Essay example1137 Words   |  5 Pagesare children. â€Å"Childhood obesity has reached epidemic proportions. Worldwide, approximately 22 million children under 5 years of age are overweight.† (854-855) says Pediatric Cardiologist and obesity expert Albert P. Rocchini, M.D, of the University of Pittsburg. This alarming fact proposes important questions to the parents of children. What have they done to the children of the future? Is it the deceptive marketing practices done by fast food companies or are we simply giving our children incorrectRead MoreEmotions, Knowledge, And Movement : Obesity1004 Words   |  5 Pages and Movement: Obesity Can Be Prevented How?   In the United States there is an increasing number of citizens with growing numbers on the scale. I was in middle school when my weight transformed from fluctuating a little too high, to consistently raising without pause. I was diagnosed with a disorder at the age of twelve that kept my body from being able to clot my blood. Even the smallest injuries became causes of great concern. Before the diagnosis I had a hateful relationship with exercise dueRead MoreShould the Social Security Age Requirement be Raised?1570 Words   |  6 Pagesmedication and surgery. Living with their children in a single home after they are no longer able to work. Their children having their parents are a burn on them after they have so fought so hard to gain their own independence. Social security is a very conversational topic because of old people having a large influence on the American politics. Social security has developed over time and has remained a very important policy in the United States. Rais ing Social Security has been a delicate processRead MorePopulation Control Essay842 Words   |  4 PagesPopulation Control The population problem has no technical solution; it requires a fundamental extension in morality. -Garrett Hardin The prediction that spawned a generation of alarmist has now in turned on its head. But the prospect of an emptier planet is creating its own set of problems. -Ben J Wattenberg The realization of the worlds population crisis is creating new and disturbing ideas by many people to solve our over population problem. 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At the Candle Light Free Essays

At the candle light I declare after all there is no enjoyment like reading! How much sooner one tires of a thing than of a book! — When I have a house of my own, I shall be miserable if I have not an excellent library. † ? Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice In a world that believes ignorance is bliss, true knowledge can only be earned by reading. The more you read the more lives you live. We will write a custom essay sample on At the Candle Light or any similar topic only for you Order Now Discovering the diverse palette of culture, gaining an insight into what matters in the real, mature world is of far greater use than spending a life time in mediocrity without a chance of a better, more in depth expression of your thoughts. Books have the gift to heal wounds, to sooth troubled minds, to make us dream and hope. When we are alone, books are our best friends; they entertain us in our spare moments. Good novels, books on poetry and short stories, give great enjoyment. At times we become so absorbed in our books that we forget even our important engagements. Loneliness stops being a burden for a reader. It was the English author Bacon who said that reading makes a ‘full man’. No one can question the truth of this saying, but it is the reading of good books alone which bestows upon us the maximum benefit. Of course, all books enrich our vocabulary, all of them make us wonder about, drifting from our daily routine into the vast universe of words written on a piece of paper at one point in history, but only those well written can capture our full attention and make us question the way we see life on its own. Every person is different, we all digest different kinds of literature, but if we are capable of reading in between the lines we develop the most important quality human beings can possess, wisdom. Because people tend to criticise, to be mean and inconsiderate and to be inpatient they forget that all of us are at one point in our life teachers for the others. A book will wait patiently on a shelf full of dust until the moment comes when we decide to devour its knowledge. Once it is read, the mind will arrange the information received in the big puzzle called experience. We feel all of a sudden capable of moving mountains using only our intellect. If I were to summarise the importance which books play in my life I would use a famous quote of Charles William Eliot: â€Å"Books are the quietest and most constant of friends; they are the most accessible and wisest of counsellors, and the most patient of teachers. † How to cite At the Candle Light, Essay examples

The Balance Sheet of the Company Warehouse

Questions: You ,the auditor, attended the inventory count (stocktake ) of your client Smith Equipment and observed the following during the count : 1. Warehouse staff counted specific areas of the stock as determined by the warehouse supervisor ; staff members ,including the warehouse supervisor , were allocated their own area to count on their own. 2. Several blank sheets of paper were issued to each member of staff doing the counting. 3. Staff were instructed to write down the stock description and number counted . 4. Staff were told to write the stock quantities in pencil on the sheets to ensure errors can be corrected . 5. Any staff that completed a section early were allocated to another area to help out one of the other staff . 6. The supervisor collected all sheets at the end of the count to finalise the stock count . Required : Identify the weaknesses in the stocktake procedures above and identify how they could be improved. Question 2 You , the auditor , have spent 5 years as an au ditor . In this time you have come across numerous errors in performing bank reconciliations . The following are some of these errors: 1. An unreconciled item of $340 was on the final bank reconciliation of the client and was deemed by the client to be immaterial. 2. Two deposits totalling $4070 relating to accounts receivable were collected on 3July ( 30 June year end) but recorded as cash receipts on 30 June. 3. An amount from an associate company of $40,000 was banked 2 days before the end of the year in the clients bank account and then paid back 1 week after the end of the year . 4. A cheque for $6,000 was omitted from the outstanding cheque list on the bank reconciliation at 30 June . It cleared the bank on the 14 August . 5. A bank transfer of $20,000 was included as a deposit in transit at 30 June in the accounting records. Required : (a) What control should be implemented to reduce the likelihood of each of the above? (b) What is an audit procedure to detect or prevent eac h of the above? Question 3 The following is an extract from a working paper containing the results of the tests of controls in the accounts payable area: Test Result Conclusion Selected a number of supplier invoices and checked that the pricing and discounts have been reviewed and authorised by the purchasing manager Six out of 50 invoices tested had not been authorised .Incorrect discounts were recorded for these invoices.A follow up of the four incorrect invoices did not not highlight a pattern or specific reason for the errors. Accepted as the errors in the discounts claimed were immaterial. Required: (a) Identify the key assertion addressed by the test procedure . (b) Provide an explanation as to why the conclusion reached is appropriate or inappropriate. (c) Outline the key control procedure that you believe needs to be performed. Answer 1. While audit of the balance sheet of the company there are few items those needs to be looked and audited with better applied analytical and substantive procedures of the same. The responsibility of Inventory control lies with the manager of the warehouse of the location. The Manager must ensure that the staff members who are involved in stocktaking must aware of the established procedure which needs to be followed in stock taking. He is responsible for proper co-ordination between the staff member and also have the responsibility to complete the stock audit. However, it is duty of the auditor to visit the stocktaking site to determine the effectiveness of the stock taking. The slow moving inventory in a company. There are many cash dealings which get interrupted due to delay in stock being converted back into cash. The main intension and objective of Stocktaking is as follows: a) To verify the accuracy of stock b) The Stock valuation as stated in the financial statement must be supported by the physical verification of stock. c) To verify the weakness in the control and custody of stock. d) To disclose the possibility of Stock, theft or loss.(Smith 2013) In the given case auditor has attended the stock taking of Smith Equipment and certain discrepancies has been found by them which is described as follows: SI.No. Weakness Improvement Recommendation 1. Warehouse Staff Counted specific area of the warehouse for physical verification However, it is duty of the Warehouse manager to check all the area has been covered and no area has been left and physical verification of every item has been done properly 2. Issuance of blank sheet to each member of staff doing the count Instead of Issuing blank sheet to the stocktaking staff stock take scanner should be allocated to stock taker which will be used by them in stock taking along with the stock taking instruction. This brings better internal control and chances of error and loosing blank sheet is also low. 3. Staff Were Instructed to Write down the stock description and number counted Instead of giving this type of Instructor stock scanner as stated above should be given to each staff so that there is less chances of error and it will bring more accuracy. However, there is certain more recommendation which helps smith Equipment in better stock undertaking. This is as follows: 1. Before starting Stock date all the possible area and the product must be identified. 2. Meeting must be held with the staff member who will help in stock taking to ensure that they should know exactly what they have to do and how to do. 3. Any Question or confusion of the Staff member must be resolved and any suggestion which helps in better stock taking must be implemented. 4. Whenever any discrepancies noticed the same product must be recount for reconfirming the said discrepancies. 5. All the staff member engaged in the stock take must be properly guided by the stores manager during stock taking. 6. Stock Scanner must be provided to every staff member for better and more accurate stock taking. 7. Any obsolete , damaged or expired product which has been noticed during the physical verification must be reported. 8. Stores Manager must ensure that the obsolete material must be removed from the store and proper recording has been done. 9. Physical verification report should be made and it need to be submitted to the external auditor. 10. Before submitting the report to the External Auditor report must be discussed internally with the management so that there will be less changes of error.(Jacob october, 2012) 2. Control over the bank reconciliation ensures that all the cash transaction has been properly recorded in the books of accounts for a given period of time. Bank reconciliation also ensures the accuracy of the Financial Statement. However to ensure less changes of error in the Bank reconciliation one should implement the following procedure to reduce the chance of Error. This are described as follows: 1) Even a small amount of un reconciled items create a doubt in the mind of the auditor regarding the accuracy of accounts and existence of fraud in the company. In the given situation Item of $340 remain un reconciled which are treated by the as immaterial. 2) To reduce the chances of incorrect recording of account receivable, client should ensures that the entire credit voucher must be signed along with the supporting and then entry will be done in accounting system. 3) The Company may adopt the policy not to deposit the associate company money in own account in order to reduce complexity. 4) The omission of certain items from Bank reconciliation is serious issues. This even creates doubt about the correctness of bank reconciliation. In order to reduce such type of situation, the client may increase the frequency of reconciliation in order to ensure correct reconciliation process. 5) Recording of bank transfer as deposit is also an serious issue, this shows that accounting clerk is completely irresponsible and he must be warned that if the same continue, then he may be fired from the company.(Team n.d.) b) Audit procedure to detect and prevent each of the above case is as follows; 1) Auditor should compare the bank cancellation date with bank reconciliation. 2) Bank Confirmation should be taken from each bank with whom the client transit. 3. a) Key Assertion Addressed by the Test Procedure is as follows: i) Authorization of Purchase Manager in the Invoices is not taken seriously by the client. It may lead to fraud Error. As per the Test conducted by the auditor more than 10% of the invoices were not authorized which shows lack of effectiveness and Internal control in the company. ii) Incorrect Discount was also noted. This may be intentional or un- intentional. It might be possible that the billing personnel may give incorrect discount and it has been also noted that the bill in which incorrect discount was given was not sent for authorization. iii) However, the incorrect discount given was not in some pattern. This means that the discount given was not due to system fault or change in discount policy. The company should ask the billing personnel reason for such error, though the amount of discount given is immaterial but it shows lack of control in the organization. b) The Conclusion reached by the Client is not appropriate as it lacks control in the organization. Better policy is to identify the reasons for such mistake that why such error has been occurred whether the error is un-intentional or due to some fraud. With increase in volume of work in the organization, there is more chances that the error will also increase and more unnecessary discount will be given to the customer which results to financial loss of the company..(James n.d.) c) The Key Control procedure that need to be performed by the company is as follows: 1. If the company has manual billing system then that need to be computerized. 2. Discount for each and every item needs to be properly updated in the system and the same should be properly checked. 3. Dual checking of invoice should be done for some time once the invoice is generated from the system and second at the cash counter by the cash personnel. Bibiliograpy General, OOA 2015, Office of Auditor General, https://audit.wa.gov.au/reports-and-publications/reports/across-government-benchmarking-audits/timely-payment-invoices/. Jacob, M october, 2012, 'Stocktake of Rgional Research', p. 30. James, 'Substantive Tests of Transcation and balance', p. 60, https://novellaqalive2.mhhe.com/sites/dl/free/0074711709/90089/sample_ch10.pdf. Smith, H 2013, myob.com.au, https://myob.com.au/blog/7-steps-to-a-successful-stock-take/. Team, O, Opentution.com, https://opentuition.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/group-documents/15/1289882056-E.AuditEvidence.pdf.

ACBE free essay sample

Improvements based on Feedback 12 17. SIBS policies and Procedure rest ? 201501 SCABBED Page 2 of 12 Once printed this document is no longer a controlled document 1 . Statement of Purpose ACHEBE 00 is designed to assist students entering university to improve their approach to managing academic tasks including understanding assignments, reading and evaluating information in texts, planning and producing texts to meet specified criteria and becoming familiar with academic conventions. This includes adopting academic honesty in their approach to studies.Practices include incorporating and acknowledging ideas, using correct preferring and developing a capacity to formulate and express ideas. The unit will provide guidance in how to read critically, develop and organize facts and ideas, refer appropriately to the work of experts in the field produce wildcatters texts, and collaborate with others. Academic Literacy focus: The learning and teaching activities are designed to assist in the development of attitudes and abilities to engage a broad range of academic tasks using both individual and collaborative approaches to learning. We will write a custom essay sample on ACBE or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Key tasks include analyzing academic tasks, reading effectively and critically, developing and raising responses to assign tasks in written and oral forms, constructing, developing and organizing arguments, using ideas and evidence from other sources and demonstrating appropriate academic conventions. Disciplinary focus: The features of academic and discipline-specific solely are analyses and applied to reading and creating genres commonly required of students in assessment tasks. Furthermore, this unit examines the use of language to structure and express ideas and information in different genres used in Business and Economics. People focus: The selection of resources, assigned adding and assessment tasks investigate and analyses issues related to people or groups in contemporary Australian society that are of particular relevance to students in Business and Economics. ACHEBE 00 will be delivered by a 4 hour combined tutorial/workshop each week.Students are expected to attend weekly sessions and participate in class activities as well as complete assigned preparation activities. A feature of the unit is learning to work collaboratively and complete activities with other students. This includes completing some assessment activities in peer groups. Students will also be guided in becoming more independent and sources learners. This includes undertaking independent activities and completing tasks prior to or following the tutorial and workshop sessions.This unit is designed to support students as they apprentice into the appropriate discourses of Business and Economics by enabling them to understand and achieve standards of performance required in an academic environment. It is strongly recommended for students commencing study in programmers offered by the Faculty of Business and Economics who have obtained a Band 4 or less in HAS English (or equivalent) or less than a 7 in LILTS (or the equivalent). It is essential for students log on to the SIBS portal and ICEBOX learn page to keep up-to-date with announcements, information on assessment tasks, look for resources and review activities. . Administrative Details ACHEBE 00 counts toward course completion in the following Diploma level programs at SIBS Diploma of Business Administration ICEBOX is a required unit 0 Diploma of Commerce ? ACHEBE 00 is a requi red unit In cases where sufficient prior academic literacy studies can be established, the unit requirement may be waived. ACHEBE 00 attracts 3 credit points in Manchuria University programs. ICEBOX is completed over one semester of study. Unit Supervisor: Karen McRae Contact details: Karen. [emailprotected] News. Deed. U Consultation hours of all teaching staff will be advised in class at the beginning of the semester. Contact details will also be available on the ACHEBE O Learn page. 201501 ICEBOX Page 3 of 12 3. Pre- and Co-requisites There are no pre-/co-requisites for this unit 4. Student Workload Students are expected to attend all tutorials/workshops and complete independent preparation activities. The workload per week for this unit: a. 4 hours in-class study each week b. T least 8 hours of reading, study and preparation activities each week c. A total study load of 12 hours per week. Students who attend late or miss classes are expected to refer to and complete any tasks set up on the ACHEBE 00 learn page. Students must meet the 80% minimum attendance standard or will be deemed not to have completed sufficient coursework to complete the unit. 5. Mode of Delivery The unit is completed in one semester and tutorials/workshops are run on a weekly basis including in-class activities, integrated lectures and tutorials, independent preparation activities such as reading, summarizing, planning rafting and editing written texts; and group work, including participating in group assessment events and discussion forums. . Specialist Facilities or Resource Requirements 6. 1 SIBS is committed to providing additional Academic Assistance programs for students to maximize their opportunity to successfully complete units of study. Information is available at SIBS reception and includes: Academic Assistance Programs egger Exam Preparation, PAL (Peer Assisted Learning), Literacy Workshops, Academic Advantage (Academic Writing Skills), Innumeracy, as well as one-on-one appointment with student advisors. 6. ICEBOX students will be provided with information and support on the SIBS Student Portal and ICEBOX learn page.In addition, students will need to access library resources and on line learning tools available in the SIRS computer labs. 7. Attendance SIBS requires all students to have a satisfactory level of attendance in the scheduled course contact hours each semester for the following reasons: Attendance is linked to academic performance and to students achieving satisfactory academic progress; that is, passing at least 50% of enrolled units each semester and maintaining a minimum of 80% attendance of their scheduled course contact hours.Students may not be able to apply for special consideration or deferred examinations, lodge an application for a grade review or be eligible to sit the final examinations if they have not met the 80% attendance requirement. Attendance is recorded electronically through the SIBS Portal during each class. A student is not permitted to swap classes or to attend a class other than the one in which they are enrolled without prior permission. Students are required to attend all lectures tutorials and practical at the times shown on their timetable.This means arriving on timer including returning from areas on time and staying for the duration of the lecture, tutorial or practical. If students arrive late to class they may be asked to wait until the lecturer admits them to the room. Attendance Guidelines 1 . If a student misses 30 minutes of a lecture they will be marked absent and a note relating to the period of absence will be recorded on the roll. 2. If a student misses 15 minutes of a tutorial/practical/laboratory they will be marked absent and a note relating to the period of absence will be recorded on the roll. 3.Academic Communication units that are designated Tutorial ill follow the 30 minute ruling in No. 1 above. Page 4 of 12 4. Breaks are approximately 20 minutes in a 4 hour session and 10-15 minutes during a 3 hour session. For more information refer to Spits Attendance Policy and Course Progression policy on the Portal http://www. Sibs. News. Deed. AU/policies 8. Student Learning Outcomes ACHEBE 00 is designed to develop and apply a broad range of skills and knowledge required for undergraduate study. A special emphasis is made on the language and style conventions used in your discipline. At the end of this unit students will have developed the following skills: 1. . 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Locate concepts and key ideas in a variety of genres used in business and economics. Incorporate ideas and apply concepts from disciplinary sources in assignments. Analyses the language and structure of sources. Evaluate sources and information from sources to determine their use in assignments. Academic language and style in written and/or oral texts Use of Harvard referencing systems and introducing visual data. Establish and develop an argument with logic and support Apply academic standards in assignments.Peer learning in tutorials/group assignment. Independent learning and achievement of goals. In addition to the discipline-based learning objectives, all academic programs at SIBS and Manchuria University seek to develop students core values of scholarship, ethical practice, sustainability and engagement. ACHEBE 00 initiates students into the university graduate capabilities through learning and teaching activities, modeling academic practice, designing assessments that challenge students to become critical thinkers and active participants in their independent and peer learning. . Discipline Specific Knowledge and Skills through gaining familiarity with features of language ND genres relevant to business and economics. Critical, Analytical and Integrative Thinking by selecting and evaluating texts, and by researching and incorporating evidence relevant to an assigned topic or for a specific purpose. 3. Problem Solving and Research Capability by learning to work collaboratively with peers and independently to to plan and produce inquiry based research tasks using library and industry based research resources. 4.Creative and Innovative by locating ideas and information then applying it in the production of new texts, including the synthesizing of various published r documented sources and through peer engagement, an increased capacity to develop their own voice as they discuss their ideas and interpretations. 5. Effective Communication The unit focuses on developing academic literacy through explicit instruction to read, write and speak in academic contexts. This capacity is facilitated with strategies for reading academic and professional texts, evaluating their qualities and selecting material for assessment tasks.Students also engage in class discussions, oral presentations, and are given guided instruction to produce a range Of genre including summaries, paraphrases, annotations or reviews, a presentation an essay and a report. 6. Engaged and Ethical Local and Global citizens The readings, activities and topics selected in this unit initiate students to the application of ethical and academic values as required in academic tasks. The unit draws on the ideas and principles used in Microeconomics to explore the use of economic information for decision making.In particular the unit explores the relationship between economics and social policy to understand the role of government in creating a fair society. Page 5 of 12 7. Socially and Environmentally Active and Responsible The topics selected for this unit relate to the contribution made by governments, economists and businesses to improve access to goods and services; to improve the quality of life; and to provide equitable income to individuals and demographic groups in Australian society.The key readings in the unit explore equity in relation to basic services and needs such as education, health, welfare and housing. Students must engage in ideas and information drawn from government agencies, business organizations and professional institutions and academic resources to investigate individuals or groups in society. 8. Capable Of Professional and Personal Judgment and Initiative by taking responsibility in for participation in group and peer learning tasks, for planning and managing tasks and resources and for meeting professional standards through revision and editing texts against set criteria. . Commitment to Continuous Learning by developin g research skills, critical thinking skills and by improving performance based on feedback from teachers, peers/own evaluation of performance. 10. Vocational Outcomes ACHEBE 00 provides strategies for gathering and expressing ideas and supports he vocational learning/academic skills needed in the range of business related programs offered at diploma level. 11. Unit content The following outline sets out the key focus of each weeks teaching and learning activities.Note: All sessions are interactive and require both individual and group participation. The learning and teaching strategies used in this unit are weekly integrated lectures, tutorials and collaborative workshops. In addition, students are assigned research and reading tasks. It is expected that students will participate in collaborative learning working in peer groups and participate in group and class discussion. Students are expected to complete preparation activities each week including gathering current information from the media/reading articles/creating a portfolio of independent tasks.

Essay Examples About Medicine

Essay Examples About MedicineTaking medicine is a life changing experience and the questions and essay sample you will need for this will show how much effort you put into your writing. There are many different examples of medication examples you can use to write your essays. These are basically descriptions of symptoms that can occur and the cause of these.Some examples of this are; vomiting, anxiety, or hot flashes. To help you decide which example will fit your needs, you should also decide on the type of situation that you are in. For example, if you are seeking treatment for the flu, you may need a medical science example that describes symptoms such as a runny nose or a headache.If you have more time, you can consider a brief medical description or even an essay that talks about your feelings. There are many different examples to choose from so it is important to keep these different types of examples in mind. It is easier to come up with an essay when you know what you need an d not have a ton of options.When writing an essay about a medical condition, it is important to include details that relate to the medical science aspect of the treatment. This can include information such as the type of medicine, the severity of the condition, the medications that will be prescribed, the warnings that you will be given, and how the patient is being treated. Another example would be talking about medication for anxiety. Again, knowing what you are writing for will help you come up with a good essay and make sure you do not forget any of the details.Medicine examples can be in the form of one sentence, two sentence paragraphs, or a full essay. The only rules of how many sentences you can include are that you should include the important information first and then try to make it a more written description of the different parts of the medicine example.Once you have the key points for the essay, you should be able to tie it all together by having the medical science as pect come through the essay. Writing about how you feel can be one of the best ways to make a good impression and help you land that job that you have been looking for.You will find a variety of essay samples and tips for essays at any online college or school. There are many different examples to choose from. So you do not have to take my word for it when I say that writing an essay about medicine is a challenging task, but it is a task that can be completed.

Javelin Analysis Essay Example

Javelin Analysis Essay Aerobic Power/cardio-vascular endurance Javelin throwers need little or no aerobic power/cardio-vascular endurance because their event is purely anaerobic and lasts for such a short period of time that in needs only fast twitch fibres to achieve success. Anaerobic power/speed Javelin throwers undoubtedly need very good anaerobic power and speed because they take part in an event, which only takes a short period of time and requires a maximal effort. In terms of muscle fibres that they need to achieve the best results they require a very high percentage of fast twitch muscle fibres in comparison to slow twitch muscle fibres (around 60/70% fast twitch and 40/30% slow twitch). Of which of that 60/70% they want as many FTG (fast twitch glycolytic) muscle fibres as possible because their event is purely anaerobic so unlike FOG (fat oxidative glycolytic) muscle fibres which combine both of the two types, FOGs can work almost as well anaerobically as FTG muscle fibres but they lose some power and strength because they have a slightly small muscle diameter thus meaning they are not as strong. Yet because javelin throwing is purely anaerobic, competitors will want to get the full capacity out of their fast twitch muscle fibres which they can only do with FTG muscle fibres. Despite this FOG muscle fibres will be helpful for the javelin throwers over a series of heats because the throw is highly strenuous on the upper body in particular so they must have some anaerobic endurance. Explosive leg power We will write a custom essay sample on Javelin Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Javelin Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Javelin Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Javelin throwers will have a high percentage of fast twitch fibres in their legs because they do play a large part in the throw, but in comparison too their upper body their legs are used more for gaining momentum rather than actually putting the force into the throw. This means that they dont need as high a percentage of FTG muscle fibres in their legs because they dont have to produce a maximal effort. Arm and shoulder strength Obviously javelin throwers need a lot of strength in their arms and shoulders because the bulk of the effort is coming from the upper body; the main movement a javelin thrower uses is the shoulder starting in an extended position and moving it into a flexed position to throw the javelin. They will also go from flexion at the elbow too extension of the elbow. The two main muscles in use for these movements will be the deltoid; bicep and tricep which are all obviously muscle of the arm and shoulder. So to carry out these movements effectively and successfully they require good strength and power in these departments. Arm and shoulder strength and endurance Although javelin throwers require no endurance in terms of aerobic endurance but in order to be able to throw the javelin the javelin over very long distances and then possibly have to repeat this throw and try and better it in the next heat they do necessitate endurance in terms of FOG muscle fibres as these have the advantages of slow twitch fibres (good blood supply, myoglobin content) but also have the advantages of FTG muscle fibres (long fast firing motor neurones and ATPase for quire ATP production) so they do give a certain amount of endurance in terms of anaerobic work. Abdominal strength and endurance Javelin throwers need good strength and some endurance in their abdominals as they play a part in the in the throw because they must take there run up in almost a side on position too the direction they wish to throw the javelin and then rotate at the torso to give the throw extra momentum. To do this effectively they must have strong abdominal muscles in order to rotate quickly without losing balance during the run up. Also when lifting the weight from the ground they must initially use their abdominals. Joint mobility/flexibility Javelin throwers need very high joint mobility and flexibility because throughout the throw they will be using a lot of the joints in their body, especially their torso, shoulders and elbows, on top of the rapid movements that will be taking place at these joints they will also be extremely powerful movements so the ligaments and tendons involved need to be very strong in order to withstand them. Agility Balance Agility is vital for success in javelin throwing because the competitors must be able to run reasonably quickly and then produce very rapid and powerful movements and at the same time they must keep their footing because if they dont they may step over the throwing line and the throw will be recorded as a foul. This is why we often see javelin throwers throw the javelin a good few metres away from the throwing line, in order to give them selves time and space too be able to catch their footing and find their balance. So someone with great agility in balance might be able to throw the javelin closer to the throwing line which will obviously add extra distance too their throw and give them an advantage. Co-ordination Javelin throwers do require some co-ordination because they must be able to throw the javelin while thinking about how they need to move to counter balance them selves while under the stress and momentum of the throw. Although this seems simple in terms of co-ordination, without it would be almost impossible to balance while producing such a massive effort. Reaction Time Javelin throwers dont require fast reactions at all because their event doesnt involve any reaction to any kind of stimulus which needs a quick reaction. Timing Although javelin throwers dont need amazing timing they must be able to self pace themselves, especially in terms of timing of their run and timing of their throw, because there is a possibility of fouling by stepping over the throwing line javelin throwers must be able to time their throws. If they throw the javelin too early they will lose distance on their throw but if they throw too late they risking fouling.

chcj v Essays

chcj v Essays chcj v Paper chcj v Paper 33I-V PLOTS OF LIGHT EMITTING DIODES (LEDs)I. OBJECTIVESa. Collect current-voltage (I-V) data for one resistor and several light emitting diodesb. Plot I versus V for the resistor and the diodesc. Compare the I-V plot of the resistor with those of the diodes II. EQUIPMENTResistor, diodes, 10 volt DC power supply, voltmeter, ammeter, connecting wires III. INTRODUCTIONAn incandescent lamp consists of a metal filament made out of tungsten which is heated to a high temperature by an electric current that passes through it. The filament is enclosed in an evacuated glass envelope to avoid oxidation of the filament by the surrounding air. Most of the light emitted by an incandescent lamp is in the infrared and therefore is not visible. Incandescent lamps are inefficient light sources because only a small part of the electrical power they consume is converted into visible light. Light emitting diodes (LEDs) which are made out of semiconductor materials such as gallium arsenide (GaAs )are muc h more efficient light sources. Below we describe briefly the operating principle of these diodes. Pure semiconductors (also called â€Å"intrinsic†) do not contact electricity at room temperature and are thus not useful for the fabrication of electric and electronic devices. Semiconductors conduct electricity if we dope them with a small amount of impurity atoms. In the case of Silicon (Si) these would be any atom other than Si. Impurities are divided into two broad categories: Donors and Acceptors. A donor is an impurity atom that has more electrons in its outermost shell that is necessary to form chemical bonds with their neighboring atoms. Each Silicon atom has four electrons in its outermost shell; these electrons are involved in forming the chemical bonds with the neighboring Si atoms. An Arsenic (As) atom on the other hand has 5 electrons in its outermost shell. If we add it as an impurity silicon it will act as a donor because it

Nursing Scholarship for 2011-12 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nursing for 2011-12 - Scholarship Essay Example However, despite my interest in studying nursing and thereby gain a good career, I also have some serious financial insufficiency which is required to realize mu long cherished dream. Hence I am applying for this scholarship and have also provided the proof of my parent’s income which is low and would not suffice for pursuing my studies. Given their condition, I do not want to place an extra burden on them with regard to my study fees. As my parents, I have always wanted to provide for them as much as possible from my end and not tax them. Hence obtaining a scholarship will help me to alleviate my financial problems and help me realize my goals. I ensure that I would do my best and be committed and sincere in my studies. I am basically a hardworking person and with the goals that I have set for my future, I would only increase my hard work and my capability to deliver the best in my studies. Hence, I kindly request you to grant me the scholarship and enable me to complete my s tudies in the nursing field.

Inclusive Practice in Social Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Inclusive Practice in Social Work - Essay Example Enforcing such a law is just one of the strategies of promoting inclusive practice in the education sector because the government puts enough mechanisms to ensure that even children from poor backgrounds access quality education just as those from well of families. Other states must follow the same example and adopt such policies to ensure that education is accessible and affordable to all children. Right to quality healthcare is one of the fundamental rights enshrined in the constitutions of most countries. As a professional healthcare worker working in the healthcare sector, I will ensure that I treat all the clients equally. I will serve them with respect and in accordance with the accepted professional code of conduct and I will not discriminate anyone on whatever basis. As I offer my services to the clients, I will also share the same idea to them that they embrace inclusive practice at whatever capacity they are in. I will try to influence my colleagues to do the same, to show respect to all clients and treat them in a humane manner regardless of their social, economic or religious backgrounds. In the care homes, the only way to make clients feel at home is to treat them well regardless of their conditions or social standings. Most of the elderly people suffer from degenerative and non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, arthritis and high blood pressure. Showing them love and allowing them to participate in decision making makes them more proactive. Sympathizing with their situations is not a solution, rather it is important to encourage and help them overcome their challenges. Inclusive practice in such a context is all about giving the elderly a chance to all make their input in the society and acknowledging that they also have a lot to offer. Therefore, inclusive practice in social work is something very important practice that must be encouraged in social settings such as schools,

Pestle Analysis Of The Car Industry

Pestle Analysis Of The Car Industry This report is a PESTLE analysis of the Car Industry. We have looked at Political, Environmental, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental issues that affect the car industry based on innovations that have and are taking place. It is political factors which are creating market pulls on innovation in the automobile industry and having the greatest affect on the innovations which are produced. This is because the governments of many countries are concerned about global warming and lowering their emissions. And one way to lower its affects is for the automobile industry to create innovations which have less of an impact on the environment. The main ways through which governments are intervening are, Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles, FreedomCAR, emission standards and the Kyoto Protocol. Â  The number of accidents and alcohol related accidents, which are social factors, are starting to increase. This has caused the automotive to innovate to help reverse this increase and lower the number of accidents on the road. 2. INTRODUCTION The aim of this report is to have an insight of the automobile industry, how it has been affected by innovation and what actions the car companies have taken in terms of innovation. We will analyse the external factors of the industry through a PESTLE analysis. The word PESTLE is an abbreviation of Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental. A PESTLE analysis is an audit of an organisations environmental influences (CIPD, 2009) that are having an effect on the organisation/industry. The analysis can lead to seeing possible opportunities that lie within the industry and where the major influences on the industry come from. An innovation is the generation of a new idea and its implementation into a product, process or service (Urabe et al, 1986, p.3). An innovation can fall under one of the following categories: Product Changes in the things (products/services) which an organisation offers. Process Changes in the ways they are created and delivered. Position Changes in the context the product/services are introduced Paradigm Changes in the underlying mental models which frame what the organisation does. (Tidd, Bessant and Pavitt, 2005, p.10) We will refer to this classification of different types of innovations throughout this report. The Henderson and Clark model of innovation will also be used, and according to it there are 4 types of innovation: Incremental innovation is the enhancement of existing products or services. (Gaynor, 2002, p. 25) Modular innovation is when new knowledge is required on a product as one part of a product is significantly improved but the overall the architecture of the product remains the same. (Innovation Zen, 2006) Architectural innovation reconfigures a system of components that constitute a product, process or service (Gaynor, 2002, p.26). Radical innovation is the introduction of new products or services that develop into major new businesses or spawn new industries, or that cause significant change in a whole industry (Gaynor, 2002, p.27). 3. THE PARTNERSHIP FOR A NEW GENERATION OF VEHICLES The Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV) was a program that started in 1993 by U.S president Bill Clinton and vice president Al Gore (PNGV, 2009). The partnership was between many government agencies including the United States Council for Automotive Research. (USCAR) This consisted of the big three American automotive manufacturers (Ford, General Motors and Chrysler), over 300 suppliers of automotive parts, small businesses, Universities and federal Labs (see appendix 1) (Turner et al, 2000). In this partnership the U.S government would match the amount of capital the big 3 manufacturers invested into the research of technologies that would help achieve the partnerships objectives and the big 3 manufacturers, small businesses, universities and laboratories would carry out the research (Jewett, 1997). When this program first started, it had 3 objectives: To increase the competitiveness of the U.S automotive industry. Create a mid -sized vehicle that has the fuel efficiency of 80 miles to the gallon whilst keeping the performance and cost similar to those of vehicles that were available in 1993. This vehicle would need to apply to the emissions standards of 2004. Employ the innovations that were created in the program to conventional vehicles once the innovations became commercially viable. (Fosgard, 1995) The government created this partnership for two main reasons: The first is that they wanted to lower Americas need on foreign oil (an economic factor) through the fact that more efficient vehicles would use less oil and this would increase Americas national security (a social factor) (PNGV, 2009) because the country would be less reliant on other nations for fuel. Secondly, the U.S government wanted to lower the amount of harmful greenhouse emissions that the United States emitted as a whole and lowering the level of emissions that the cars in the U.S was one way to fulfil this reason (PNGV, 2009). This was an environmental factor causing the creation of PNGV. There was a requirement of the vehicles that were to be created in 2004, which was that they should be able to travel a certain distance on a full tank of fuel. Also there were short deadlines within the program an example was that by 1997 production prototypes of the vehicles that were most likely to meet the objectives were to be created. These two factors meant that architectural innovations over the regular internal combustion engine like a fuel cell or pure electric vehicle couldnt be pursued because they could not meet the range requirement and required much longer to research than the deadline allowed (Sperling, 1996). These are architectural innovations as they reconfigure the power source of the vehicle and no longer use an internal combustion engine. Such innovations would have been better at meeting objectives as they required little or no oil and emitted far less greenhouse gases. The only option available to the automobile manufacturers was a hybrid electric vehicle. A product and modular innovation over internal combustion engines as they use a regular internal combustion engine in partnership with one or more electric motors (Toyota, 2009). The hybrid electric vehicle was originally created in 1899 by Dr. Ferdinand Porsche (Truett, 2006), which makes the hybrid the big three manufacturers created was an incremental innovation on Porsches hybrid vehicle as their version was an enhancement of an existing technology. In the end no vehicles were produced which could meet all the requirements (Washington Times, 2009) so it could be seen as a failure. However many incremental innovations were created because of this partnership. Examples are, all of todays hybrid vehicles use some battery technology that was created in PNGV (Business Week, 2006), and DaimlerChrysler made large strides in technology which makes vehicles lighter, up to 46% lighter than conventional vehicles which they use in their latest models (Vasilash, 2000). Overall PNGV was a political factor affecting innovation because it was initiated by the government. This caused market pull on innovation in the automotive sector as the innovation was being carried out to meet a specific need. A marketing pull is when a stimulus of innovation comes from the needs of the society or from a particular sector of the market (Open University, ND).This political factor was caused by environmental, social and economical elements. Even though the government wanted to free themselves from the need on foreign oil the conflicting objectives of the partnership did not allow pursuit of architectural innovations which would have allowed this but many useful incremental innovations did come out of the partnership. 4. FREEDOM CAR PROGRAM Due to the failure of PNGV the U.S government created the FreedomCAR program (FreedomCAR, 2002). This program is a partnership between the U.S government, USCAR and five major energy companies (Green Car Congress, 2008). The program is based on the following principles: Freedom from dependence on imported oil. Freedom from pollutant emissions Freedom for Americans to choose the kind of vehicle they want to drive, to drive where they want and when they want. Freedom to obtain fuel affordably and conveniently. (U.S Department of Energy, 2009) The program is based on similar economic, social and environmental issues as PNGV however the latter 2 principles are further social factors that caused the creation of FreedomCAR. The long term focus of the program is to see whether hydrogen fuel cell vehicles can become the norm in the U.S by 2015 (Green Car Congress, 2005), this is because as previously explained the vehicles are an architectural innovation that do not require oil and produces no harmful emissions. The short term focus is to make internal combustion vehicles and electric hybrid vehicles as efficient and environmentally friendly as possible (Green Car Congress, 2005). In terms of innovation in the automotive industry, the partnership is exploring research in a wide range of areas from creating lithium ion batteries for use in vehicles to making carbon fibre much cheaper to produce (Business Week, 2006). These are incremental innovations as they are improvement on existing technology and so it may seem that they are not pursuing the long term focus of the partnership but these incremental innovations are required to make the architectural innovation possible (Business week, 2006). Just like PNGV, FreedomCAR is a political element that is having an effect on innovation in the automotive industry as it was created by the government because of several economic, social and environmental issues. The difference between the two programs is that FreedomCAR lacks restrictive deadlines and its main focus is architectural innovation which will hopefully meet the principles set. 5. CAR EMMISSIONS Car emissions have become an increasingly important issue for car owners and reducing individuals carbon footprints. Buying smaller cars have been encouraged to car owners by the media and many politicians. (Quirk, 2008) The European Union is trying to reduce the CO2 emissions from cars and also improve their fuel efficiency which led to the creation of the ACEA agreement. The agreement is between the European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA), the Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association (JAMA), and the Korea Automobile Manufacturers Association (KAMA). The table below shows how these targets can change into fuel efficiency standards for petrol and diesel cars according to the ACEA agreement. Relationships between CO2 targets and fuel consumption Year Target Petrol (Litres of fuel consumed per 100 km) Diesel (Litres of fuel consumed per 100 km) 2012 120 gCO2/km 5.1 4.6 2008 140 gCO2/km 5.9 5.4 A failure for the car industry to meet the 2008/9 targets could lead to mandatory regulation in the future (Rajagopalan Saini 2007). For example BMW has built the Mini Cooper Diesel which meets the targets set above as they are below the criteria, making it an efficient car of its time. 64mpg is the cars combined fuel consumption and 104g/km of carbon dioxide is emitted. The 5-series saloon is also achieving these quality emissions where the 2.0 litre diesel version emits just 136g/km about the same as a hatchback. (Quirk, 2008) The Society of Motor Manufacturers and Trades chief executive said that average emissions have fallen every year during the last decade. Through technological innovation and consumer education, manufacturers have made genuine progress towards meeting tough environmental targets, (Young, 2009) Several manufacturers including Saab think the solution to reducing vehicle emissions is through the use of Flex-fuel cars or bio powered cars. These types of vehicles can run on emissions free E85 ethanol or petrol or a combination of the two (Quirk, 2008) Flexible fuel vehicles have been in production since the 1980s and have been made available to many customers who might not even know they have this type of engine in their car. (U.S Department of Energy, 2009). Flexible fuel vehicles do not experience any loss of performance when using E85 ethanol. However, since a gallon of ethanol contains less energy than a gallon of gasoline, flexible fuel vehicles typically get about 20-30% fewer miles per gallon when fuelled with E85. U.S Department of Energy (2009). Flexible fuel vehicles are an incremental innovation on regular internal combustion engine vehicles as most of the technology is the same. The only difference is that they can run on a different type of fuel. Flexible fuel vehicles produce no harmful emissions so they will help meet emissions targets but first consumers need to switch to using e85 ethanol and this will only happen if the price of e85 is not high as it has lower fuel efficiency than petrol. E85 ethanol is still some way off from being readily made available to the public because there is a lack in the number of refineries to create the fuel and pumping stations to provide it. (Quirk, 2008). Flexible fuel cars are in the fluid phase of the Abernathy and Utterback model (see Appendix 3 for full definition) as a core component (the e85 ethanol fuel) is not widely available. This lack of availability of the fuel is also slowing the innovation of flexible fuel vehicles as the fuel is not there to run flexible fuel vehicles so the vehicle manufacturers are not going to put their full effort into improving the technology. 6. CONVENIENCE AND SAFETY CAR INNOVATIONS There have been many road accidents and the main contributors to these are alcohol and careless driving. To discourage drink-driving there have been many campaigns to reduce the number of casualties from road accidents. (National Statistics, 2009). In recent years there has been an increase in accidents involving alcohol compared to a sharp fall in the mid-1980s and mid-1990s. In 1986, 560 people were killed compared to 1000 people in 2000. (See Appendix 2 for full statistics) (National Statistics, 2009). Also according to Volvo, driver sleepiness is responsible for more road deaths than alcohol. In Germany, it is thought to account for a quarter of all fatal accidents and in the US about 1,500 deaths a year. (Automotive Engineer, 2006).This has therefore meant that car manufacturers have created innovations to help prevent these from happening again such as: Volvo has created the collision warning system to help prevent accidents from occurring. This system uses a wide angle sensor to scan around the car for any objects that may be near much like radar technology. A signal alerts the driver to react, if for example the car is approaching a pedestrian which will give the driver enough time to divert the vehicle away from the pedestrian (Quirk, 2008). To help lower alcohol related accidents Saab has created the Alco-Key. Saab has begun fitting this device as standard in their cars; it is a fully integrated system that requests the driver to blow into a wireless hand-held unit before driving the car. Their breath is then analysed and if the blood-alcohol limit is exceeded, a red LED will appear and the engine will not start (Quirk, 2008). Volvo has introduced the Sleep Detection system which includes Lane Departure Warning (LDW) and Driver Alert Control (DAC). LDW uses cameras located between the windscreen and the rear view mirror and monitors the cars position between the road markings. Only after a certain speed is reached does the system become active, if the car then wanders across any lane markings without using an indicator, the driver is audibly alerted (Quirk, 2008). These creations are product innovations as they are new innovations that car manufacturers have created and offer with their vehicles. The fact they have been produced as a response to help prevent alcohol related accidents, which is a social factor, makes them a response to a market pull. The fact that the Alco-key is the first system that prevents drinking driving could lead to Saab gaining the first mover advantage, if such technology was to become mandatory. This advantage would be kept through the fact Saab has a patent on the technology (Free Patents Online, 2009) and a patent prevents other companies from using the technology without Saabs permission. 7. THE KYOTO PROTOCOL The Kyoto Protocol was an international agreement originally created in 1997 but in 2005 it was made legally binding, and is linked to the United Nations Framework of Climate Control. The agreement set targets for industrialised countries to cut their emission of harmful greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, plus several others) which are partially the cause of the increase of global warming. The countries that signed the Kyoto Protocol agreed to set their own targets e.g. Japan agreed to meet a 5% cut in emissions by 2008-2012 and most EU countries agreed to an 8% cut (BBC, 2005). Carbon dioxide is created by internal combustion engine vehicles and given off from their exhaust; therefore its a cause of global warming. To meet the targets agreed, governments and automobile manufacturers need to work together. In 2007, the Japanese government agreed to spend 200 billion yen on the improvement of hybrid vehicles to lower their emissions (Reuters, 2007) as HEVs emit less harmful gases than a petrol engine (What Green Car, 2009). Also in Japan, Toyota has achieved its target of reducing carbon dioxide emissions, from 2.12 million to 1.78 million tons. It did this through decreasing their energy usage by 40% and replacing multiple production lines with single lines capable of producing different vehicles (I. Rowley, 2005). The change in their use of production lines which increased efficiency is a process innovation as it is a change in the way the vehicles were created. Both of the above examples are market pulls on innovation for the fact the change is a response to a market/government requirement. The Kyoto Protocol is a political factor based on an environmental factor (global warming), having an effect on innovation as the governments in many countries are trying to adhere to it and to adhere to it requires the government to intervene change the vehicles that the automobile industry produces and the way they are produced. 8. CONCLUSION It is clear that out of the PESTLE factors, the main one which is having the greatest effect on innovation in the automobile industry is political. Many governments are concerned about global warming and it is the automotive industry which is adding to worsening of the effects of global warming through the emissions of their vehicles and their manufacturing plants. This has led to governments to intervene in the automotive industry to make vehicle manufacturers improve their own vehicles and facilities, through innovations which have mostly been incremental. However FreedomCAR looks promising for the environment as it is hoping to create an architectural innovation, the hydrogen fuel cell vehicles that have little impact on the environment, and help meet the governments reason for creating these market pulls on innovation. It also lacks the restrictive deadlines and conflicting objectives that PNGV had which will help increase the programs chance of success. So it may be political fa ctors that are having a direct affect on innovation but these political influences are mainly based environmental factors. Social aspects are also having an affect on innovation through the improvement of safety of the vehicles that are produced. The increase in the number of accidents and alcohol related accidents has led to a market pull on innovation for vehicle manufacturers, as they have created these improvements in safety due to this increase. As it is the political factors that are directly influencing the innovations that manufacturers create, means they are not doing it in response to the environmental factors themselves. This means the automotive industry are not wanting to help lower their affect on the environment even though it is them adding to global warming. 9. RECOMMENDATIONS This report shows that the vehicle manufacturers have only begun being environmentally concerned because of political factors their having on the industry. We would recommend that the manufacturers start thinking in a more environmentally friendly manner e.g. by investing in new machinery and production facilities similar to those of Toyota which emit lower carbon emissions. Another recommendation is the manufacturers start to create more flexible fuel vehicles and promote their availability which will increase the likeliness that consumers will switch to them. But also for consumers to switch will require that more refineries which can produce the e85 ethanol needed for the vehicles to be created. Also the price of the fuel will need to regulate as to prevent it from being too high as consumers may decide not to use e85 for the fact it has a lower fuel efficiency than petrol. 10. APPENDIX Appendix 1 Diagram showing the structure of PNGV. APPENDIX 2 Casualties from road accidents involving illegal alcohol levels, 1986-2000 United Kingdom Thousands Source: Department for Transport, Local Government and the Regions; Royal Ulster Constabulary Casualties from road accidents involving illegal alcohol levels, 1986-2000 ThousandsSeriousSlightAllFatalinjuriesinjuriescasualties 1986United Kingdom 1.03 6.57 19.60 27.20 1987 0.93 6.01 17.99 24.93 1988 0.81 5.18 17.25 23.24 1989 0.84 4.92 17.05 22.81 1990 0.80 4.23 16.01 21.04 1991 0.69 3.72 14.00 18.41 1992 0.69 3.40 13.28 17.37 1993 0.57 2.82 12.25 15.63 1994 0.54 2.95 12.26 15.75 1995 0.56 3.10 12.89 16.56 1996 0.60 3.13 13.93 17.67 1997 0.57 3.07 13.90 17.55 1998 0.49 2.68 13.25 16.42 1999 0.48 2.60 14.64 17.72 2000 0.56 2.71 15.75 19.02 Source: Department for Transport, Local Government and the Regions; Royal Ulster Constabulary National Statistics (2009) Appendix 3 The Abernathy and Utterback model says that technology can be in 3 different phases, fluid, transitional or specific. Fluid Many uncertainties with the technology and in the market prevail. Large amounts of experimentation going on with the technology and core components are not fully available/developed. Very few competitors. Transitional Firms are learning more about the technology and a dominant design has been accepted by many of the competing firms. Specific Companies are creating incremental innovation on the dominant design and are targeting specific market segments (Innovation Zen, 2006)