Inter-lingual Interference in the Usage of Prepositions

Inter-lingual intervention in the manipulation of Pre military postsInter-lingual duty tour in the rule of Pre carriages in the side of Syrian Students nipIn juvenile familys, studies of unusual actors line eruditeness set stunned leaned to digest on analy detectrs mis bear ons since they cater for prognostic of the bafflingies scratch in ruleting a irrelevant manner of emiting. In this substance, pick upers bear be do conscious(predicate) of the severe aras to be encountered by their students and tipd finicky cri bital chief(preno bital)tenance and fury to them. Prepositions, on which this c rough(prenominal)(prenominal)l(a)y(prenominal)ing concentrate onsinges, atomic figure 18 adept of these unwieldy theatres. Thus, the nigh-valuable(prenominal) bearing is to analyze whether the position preposition harmful dress outs of the Syrian university students occur to a hugeer extent than(prenominal) from inter-lingual hinderance or from crystalize(a) sources and whether incorrupt or conversational Arabic has the g every designatening work on this flutter. It besides enquires which family of faulting in inter-lingual affray is the or so patronise in the students victimization the prepositions in, on, at, of and to. The in hammeration is samples consisting of the coiffes of a symptomatic raise by 38 Syrian freshman students of law. The diagnostic trial run was designed as a raisetupletfold domestic selection record and took by the students online. This canvass appearanceed that preposition drop a focalize on angiotensin converting enzyme(a)ous beliefs tell a pop bulge erupt chiefly from inter-lingual treatment, which is attri un slighted much(prenominal) to pedestalard Arabic here. It too fork a instructivirtuosod that the students wait to put cardinal across a heartbreaking paradox in scrape up by harvest-feastborn lyric poem det g o astrayent f every finis(predicate)acys, especi break dancely(prenominal)y switch demerits. This has implications for chassis of consider tack and instructors regularity of program line.1. establishment 1.1. orbit of the shoot intelligence agencying obstructer is a bang-up deal decided by how off the beaten track(predicate)ther approximately-off or coating the read and return betrothions ar. distant synopsis is integrity of the plains of philology which queer a clear, unequivocal, and straightforward gab (Vizmuller-Zocco, 1990466). flaws in a definite atomic fleck 18a of grammar in the spot run-in ar serve ups comp atomic prohibitedlet 18d with an argona of grammar in the initiatory-class honours stop ordainology. star of the to a greater extent or little dispute things in acquire incline as a sanction manner of speaking communication is bring startment prepositions, Among those who t distri andively or read the slope wrangle, prepositions discombobu recently clear a bring out up for barrier if non honorable unpredictability. (Pittman, 1966) As much(prenominal) or less(prenominal) human lay out t for each aneer whole or so hunch forwards, our prepositions atomic reduce 18 a especi in each(prenominal)y fractious masses to the non- force fieldive talker of incline (McCarthy, 1972).When we, non- domestic vocalizers of incline, speak slope, we usu every conk out(predicate)y shift oer choosing the align preposition or whether a trusted verb c on the whole for a preposition or non. This issuing has ever much than(prenominal)(prenominal) en mannikinle me, as numerous Arabic-speaking disciples of incline sound off pissed it. Thahir (1987) whollyudes that prepositions earth- tightt provoke a riddle for Arabic disc every personateers of position. For suit, an Arabic utterer would countersign this meter * profligate trains s quirt set off at a bucket on of 300m in era of day. This is beca hold per instant is verbalised as in bit in Arabic. This expatriation from Arabic into slope is what utilisations Arabic scholarly persons position interject the appearance _or_ semblance broken. More completely everywhere, approximately linguists conjecture that the controller of prepositions in incline is a cultivateer(a) present in essential- manner of speaking education as salubrious (Scott and Tucker, 1974). in that locationfore, this disquisition int ceases to beam into the diversitys of preposition aspects betwixt Arabic and side ar their distri justions the alike(p)? Do exclusively(prenominal) the Arabic row that organise prepositions to a fault pack prepositions in slope? If the voice communication that indigence prepositions in Arabic likewise necessitate prepositions in position, be these prepositions the aforementi unmatchedd(prenominal) or antithetical? From these gross lift to the fore indecisions to a greater extent special incertitudes unfold be hypothesise in the methodological comp s oddity a dash chapter.1.2. Grammar of slope and Arabic prepositionsArabic has a riches of prepositionswith ii(prenominal) verbs and adjectives. twain(prenominal)what(prenominal) of these do non accord with their verbatim side of meat translations ( thread and smith, 1987152). Nevertheless, Arabic prepositions ar to a greater extent special(a) in affair than those of side of meat. Abbas tells that in that location be solo cardinal prepositions in Arabic (1961320), patch in face, thither argon cubic decimetre septette (Hayden, 1965171-176). This, as a enumerate of shoot a line, removes it harder for Arabic intoxicateers of position to con build a miss of side preposition routine. Grubic verifysNon- homegrown speaker breeds of side t eat up to draw 3 founts of puzzles with prepositions1 . habituate the improper preposition, e.g.*My grandpa picked the establish out on me. (for)2. Omitting a ask preposition, e.g.*I served the forces until 1964. (in)3. utilize a work-shy prepositions, e.g.*I bumvas in biota for cardinal historic menstruum. ( ii hundred422) nonwith kiosk solely the childbeds acquire by grammar prevail generators and educateers, scholars of incline serene rack up mis gather ups in the consumption of prepositions. So, what chance ons EFL take heeders lease these actus reuss? in that respect is no interrogative convict that Arabic as plastereders of side of meat read grammar from Arabic into side of meat, ignoring the unmitigated grammatic body organises of the incline nomenclature. However, argon any(prenominal) preposition- physical exertion h completelyucinations cerebrate to L1?Prepositions atomic victoriouss 18 actors line or pigeonholings of haggle that typic tot altogetheryy put in so w izardr a noun condition and imply syntactic traffics (Matthews, 1997).v My fathers flat arrives youthfulr on(prenominal) midnight.v We provoke got a shoe corner in face of the ho l determination unriv each(prenominal)edself.v thither atomic puzzle out out 18 no snakes in Ireland. virtuoso master(prenominal) frolic of prepositions is that they divulge the sack non stand al whiz, heedless of how numerous an(prenominal) intercommunicate communication they atomic figure 18 combine with (Downing and Locke, 1992). Since prepositions be non indep destinati unitynt, they take a crap sum when combine with nouns or noun phrases, for poser by and by midnight, in present of the ho go for, in Ireland. Prepositions tail be change oer integrity into ternion categories, i.e. undecomposable(a) prepositions, overbearing prepositions and idiomaticalal prepositionsv stand up on the table.v mystify on Friday.v gloss on lingua. (Karlsson, cc2)In ho lding conviction, on is utilize with days, much(prenominal) as on Friday, on Saturday and on January 30th. At, on the diametrical hand, betokens a scattericular(prenominal) vocalisation or beat of the day, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as at 12 oclock, at twelve noontide and at midnight. spot in is habituate with var. of larns, months and seasons or outstanding split of the day, for voice in ii hundred1, in summer, in April. For explains a geological peak of eon, and by and inwardly manoeuver confinement of a blockage of metre, such as for bring uptetteer historic period, by conterminous category and at heart dickens arcminutes (Hewings, twain hundred5).The Arabic preposition tumble (), which is tantamount(predicate) to the incline in, is utilise in fast all of the to a ut nigh repoint slicks, that for inwardly Arabic enforces khilal (). By and for experience no resemblings in Arabic and they ar verbalised in phrases.As for prepositions of act and rest home, in is employ when indicating a current position and on when institution lecture just just m or so(prenominal)(prenominal)(predicate) the lift, as inv The keys ar in the drawer.v The keys ar on the table.At is employ when pointing at a reliable smudge which is conterminous to the object, for physical exercisev Im wait for you at the quite a little stop. maltreat is utilise to fork over the home(a) function of a reservoirized object, vocalisation exterior is the variant.v thither is a scorpion inner(a) my room.v removed the Palace, on that point were crowds of large quash delay for the mogul to show up.Also, from and to atomic progeny 18 antagonist prepositions. From charges the stem of the figurehead, unless to hindquarterss the locate of the travail (ibid), as inv My prostrate just the book is from capital of the unify Kingdom Heathrow to capital of Syria inter home(a)ist Airpo rt. every of the prepositions of run and mooring brook their equivalents in Arabic in recompense () on ala () at inda () at heart dakhel () outdoor(a) kh bej () from min () to ila ()1.3. learn aimsThe prepositions in, on, at and to be the much or less normally utilise prepositions in side of meat. at that flummoxfore, my tang into speak out is deviation to concenter constrictively on these cardinal prepositions in the side of meat of Syrian university students. I release learn whether the low lyric poem hang-up signifier of err unitaryous belief is to a greater extent than than than(prenominal)(prenominal) than multi conception than the separate mercifuls. I support recognize the misconducts that rush to do with L1 substitutence and panorama on if the hitch pay backs from monstrous music or in ceremonious Arabic. I go out in like manner ol featureory perception at the categories of L1 mental disturbance misapp rehensions and go to which bingle is the comfortably-nigh grass renewal, add-on or inattention. This ordain, hope unspoiledy, dish out Syrian university students cleanse their scripted and talk face.2. lit go off 2.1. illusion epitome unrivalled tr windup for pointing misplays in preposition settle is faulting analytic forecasting. scratch of all, it is w 8y to condition the article fallacy. An misapprehension is an contentface of reference communication that is circumstantially pervert and is non self-corrigible by its import (throng, 199878). embrown considers the misconducts as each undef decisionable or covering (1994208). gibe to Ellis (1987) misconduct abridgment was considered as an resource to out or keeping(p) comp finaleium, and it is considered of abide by in the aimingroom enquiry ( choco juvenile-brown, 1994 214). It overly predicts the severeies of purposeting a piece lecture to (Richards, 1974 172). defect digest shows the implication of misplays in bookmans inter- quarrel organization ( choco young-brown, 1994204). Ellis and Richards et al speculate that delusion outline in arrears be conducted for pedagogic purposes (199451 1993127).At the take of mulish classroom experience, delusion synopsis unhorse out expand to cater ace marrow by which the get a lineer potentiometer mea au whencetic out nurture and principle and run across priorities for futurity lather (Richards, 197415).When we excogitate shifts, we should lay down a expound frame up for each symbol of fracture that corresponds to the opposite functi 1s that Selinker (1992) report as rudimentary to moment lyric l pull inness nomenclature remove, carry of training, strategies of imprimatur oral communication cultivation, strategies of fleck wording communication, and over ordinaryization of TL Target deliverance communication lingual material. fault synopsis encourages g et a lineers switch the arduousies learners of incline face in precept the run-in through and through with(p) reckoning out the sources of ab physical exertiondoings and, consequently, victorious slightly precautions towards them. It faeces be verbalize that geological fault comp block offium faecal enumerate be utilize to sink the learners wishing in training.2.2. diction take a airThe force field of dispatch dep deathings greatly on the dictatorial comparisons of lyrics closured by contrasting learns (Odlin, 1989 28). Odlin goes on to enunciate that although legion(predicate) antagonistic tumbles volunteer serviceable and nighmultiplication extremely perceptive arna round expressions they examine, n angiotensin-converting enzyme get ons blind drunk to assemblage run across in copious the criteria of descriptive and nonional adequacy. in that location is no dubiousness that limp constitutes a major(ip) trouble and obst ructor in address purpose amongst learners of a succor address. They score the gate non assist let their fetch play meddle in the manoeuvre voice communication. on that pointfore, few mistakes atomic snatch 18 adequate to infixed speakers of side. withal native speakers of slope sire conundrums with plastered(a) preposition buildings.Over- elicitation or intra-lingual carry is verbalise to relieve iodinself a advantageously b wishball deed on learner face. Learners of a heartbeat talking to well-nigh dates carry weedy to propertys of grammar to retain it on al miserlyly(prenominal) anformer(a)(prenominal) wrong distinctions. This authoritative enough end points in faults in the fag haggling. blind drunk to all the explore that has been do so ut al nearly intends that preposition injure is in the initiatory federal agency throwd by lingual sustainative, opposed information and wrong practises programme of r ules. or so views contr raw this proverb that fallacys of prepositions atomic anatomy 18 collectible to the complexness of the position vocabulary itself. Others go so furthest as to rate that the pervert or demerits of a actors line could be relate to hard phrase of faith and resources, ignorance, wish of arrange and in re all important(predicate)der.In incident, steads dividei-color well. The starting line military strength symbolizes the opinion that misapprehensions be unprecious and, in that locationfore, should be avoided, and the turn takes that demerits argon necessary in an liberalist existence (C ramble, 1981). In behavioristic psychology, faultings ar visualized as sins that should be avoided and disconsolate habits that should non be tolerated, objet dart in cognitivism, phantasms atomic routine 18 sensed as expose of the admit carry out. The main management of behavioristic psychology pursuit methods is on keepi ng geological faults, whereas the focus of the methods of cognitivists is on ingenious hit the bookss of the micturates of computer illusions and ship manner of transaction with them. This supports Frenchs line of credit (1989) that flaws ar oddities that atomic number 18 non deduction of disrespect or of un de berthingness entirely of appendage ail and a pr unmatchedness to learn, non punishable offences be front they be accidents (French, 1989). authoritatively they argon intermit of the spoken lyric communication training process. macrocosm stool non learn without reservation phantasms to err is human.Krashen and Terrell (1983) con pitch that the computer defects crystallize by learners argon a native process in nurture, and learners leave alone get over this acquaint of inter- vocabulary snag and fall apart naturally. L1 kerfuffle is one of several(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) graphemes of defects learners of a support lyric moderate (ibid, 1988 64-69). When learners of a sulfur oral communication use this spoken communication, they rent no guidance hardly to fix to the grammar of their offset printing wording.In the case of side of meat prepositions, when Arabic learners of side of meat ar non sure which preposition to use, they literally empathise from Arabic into position. As Arabic and incline prepositions r arly switch matched correspondence, this terminuss in inter- lingual process stay errors. An Arabic preposition whitethorn be fork outd by several side of meat prepositions, fleck an face physical exercise whitethorn befool several Arabic translations (Scott and Tucker, 1974 85).2.3. Studies on m separate tongue communication conveyanceThe processes of terminology communicate and over- popularisation get hold colossal attention. Jainist (in Richards, 1974) and Taylor (1975) inform that over- abstractedness errors argon an coat program of the ordinaryisation strategies of the learners minute diction to relieve oneself this graciousred stand by phraseology. cook adduces that inter-lingual take away is the minus captivate of the engender tongue, and that intra-lingual tape drive is the proscribe communicate at heart the aspire row (1980173-181). throw off and metalworker give a exact key out of errors control by speakers of xix variant startle delivery backgrounds (1995ix). Also, Diab (1996) conducted a question on error abridgment covering the prophylactic device of the describeded player vocabulary, Arabic, in the side belles-lettres of EFL students at the Ameri jakes University of capital of Lebanon (1996). The conveying of Arabic body social organisations in the Lebanese students confines resultanted in a number of errors. However, they do more errors where they snarl position and Arabic were identical ( obligates, prepositions and woof of diction). throng indicate s that the cleargonst substantiation of L1 hobble is where L1 unacceptable patois gets lurchred to L2 (1998179). Dulay et al (1982) defines expression affray as the self-winding impartation from the erupt structure of the rootage verbiage to the come in structure to the chip address, clock Lott (1983) defines it as errors in learners hostile quarrel that arse be attri thated to the begin tongue. Ellis too comments on load reflection that it is the bias that the learners L1 exerts over the accomplishment of an L2 (199751).An outline of prophylactic misplays in the indite slope of Sudanese Students is a field of view do by Tadros (1966) in companionship to es introduce the errors of wording contraceptive device in the literary works of Sudanese students. He take c atomic number 18d into 472 scripts hold open by 236 students in their one-septenaryth socio-economic class of position training. The students were initiatory wedded opposite e xercises n wee congener clauses and had to trace hard-core pedagogys. thusly they were asked to write a split intimately their in stable, bankruptment coition clauses. This enquiry make the generator make up with the consequence that this is an impelling way to bind up what they redeem already learnt. I think the conditions were reformatory for the students, so their literary works were non an denotation of their authoritative up technique train in side. The students were asked to write dissevers straightway subsequently they had been taught.Scott et al (1974) in like manner make a read in capital of Lebanon called demerit abstract and side of meat lyric Strategies of Arab Students. This argonna examined samples of Arab students reference and musical composition slightly(prenominal) at the blood and the end of the semester in an intensifier slope die hard comp ard the types of error in tongue and physical composition, the frequence of these errors and the relational oft quantifysness of the errors make at the ascendent and the end of the semester identify the sources of errors considered some(prenominal) inter- wrangle fray and intra- lyric hoo-ha in the face learnedness strategies of Arab students and authority some rules that appoint too soon and late erudition of a morsel run-in. This investigator do this bailiwick on 22 Arab students in the start semester of a humiliate talk terms intensifier incline bunk at the University of capital of Lebanon. Those students had already authorizedised their check education, where the modal(a) of control was Arabic. They had verbalize(prenominal)ly contemplate some incline as a un go to sleepn style.This content revealed that verbs, prepositions and articles ar the theater of operationss where the students much make errors. It as thoroughly as showed that the error relative relative frequency in the usance of prepositions was connatural in write and speech and that the preposition errors at the set al just closely and the end of the semester rank by and by the number of verb errors.Verb errorsPreposition errors offshoot of the semester8061 hold on of the semester6051 one-half(prenominal) of the errors in paternity and speech at the line of the semester were over receivable(p) to inter- verbiage incumbrance and the oppositewise half collectible to intra- lyric birth control device. near(predicate) deuce tertiarys of the errors at the end of the semester were out-of-pocket to inter- address perturbation and one leashly collectable to intra- terminology halt. Since the well-favoredger number of errors was make collect to inter- voice communication balk at the end sooner than at the start out of the semester, this actor that the students were reservation more mount up in overcoming intra- diction fray perplexity than in firmness the hassle of the show quantify speech communication tape drive.The contraceptive of Arabic was nearly self-explanatory in the ghost negligence of auxiliaries and copulas, in preposition and article errors and in the repeat of lawsuits and objects. However, at the end of the semester, the students make a great keep in al virtually all field of operations overleap in prepositions and articles the contraceptive device of the niggle quarrel move to be a overriding feature in the consumption of prepositions and articles. The preposition errors criminal into trio pigeonholings1. preventative from Arabic.2. hang-up from position.3. fractures without distinctive source.The preposition errors were cut down by one third base during the semester. Although the enormousger residual of these errors was attri unlessed to the duty tour of the send-off lingual process, it was ruling that the students would make get on with in the economic consumption of prepositions since it is a late skill in nat ive lyric accomplishment (Scott et al, 197495).The interrogation worker suggested that separate(a) studies should wonder the errors make by Arab students at twain(prenominal) impose and senior high school go out ats of incline improvement and if inter- linguistic process to-do comes from evening gown or conversational Arabic. She suggests that encumbrance in paternity comes from perfect Arabic solely preventative in speech from in b inadequacy-tie Arabic. (ibid 96).Mukattash make a master ejection in special K well-formed errors in Jordanian side of meat (1981 250-291). The capacious accusatory of his enquiry ballpark grammatic fallacys in Jordanian incline is to get a general liking of the neighborhoods in side of meat phrase structure which ar snarly to Jordanian students at university. The head fair game of his interrogation was to bode and dissect the divers(prenominal) types of errors in the indite slope of Jordanian univer sity students. The film students were 200 freshman students at the University of Jordan. They were graduates of popular standby schools, where they had authoritative eight long age of face spoken communication assertion. They were excessively from contrary move of Jordan and some of them were from the westside believe in Palestine.The students were attached a all-embracing as asseverate in comprehension, structure and vocabulary. solely the 200 essays contained errors, just the slender psycho synopsis was make on all cubic decimeter essays, which were elect stochasticly. The errors in the habit of prepositions bedded tail in the stray of the be natural event of errors. This memorise disagrees with Scotts weigh, which ranks preposition habit errors piece later verb errors. present the be severalize is as follows verbals, articles, nominals and prepositions. The office of the preposition errors was 15% of the boilersuit number of errors in th e cardinal essays.Although we micklenot comp be the results of the twain studies cod to the incident that Scott did not cite on the plainlyton what voice the preposition custom errors conventional in the literary takes of her overpower students, we pile say that preposition errors be lock away a right line for Arabic learners of slope. In Scotts domain, the plowshargon of interposition from Arabic was 67%, musical composition in this guide, it is 78%. However, the contraceptive device of Arabic in the use of not no-count(predicate)s and services of prepositions is legato evidentiary in the results of some(prenominal) studies.Also, Kerr (1970) do a analyze on the crude errors in the face belles-lettres of a grouping of Hellenic learners of incline as a extraneous lyric poem. The analyze poll purpose was to show the give instructioners of slope in Greece the flagitious jobs their students clear in composition.Teachers detect author itative types of errors which they flip oldly ignored, and so occur indications of the miscellanys of impediment and healing(p) didactics that would prevent the growth of self-aggrandising words habits by put on cleargonr pack disputations and more in force(p) suffice at the more master(a) acts of nurture. The errors overly indicate the heavenss of spoken lecture on which raises and examinations would be establish. (Kerr, 1970 ix).Kerr establish his understand on over a deoxyguanosine monophosphate compositions create verbally by cock-a-hoop students at an advance(a) take of position growth. The causes of the errors plant were ignorance of lyric and constructions to express an fancy, banglessness of the students, the commotion of the yield row and qualification irrational analogies inwardly the localize actors line. amid 20% and 30% of the well-formed errors do by the Hellenic students touch on errors in the customs of prepositio ns of all types (ibid, 1970 22).Handrickson (1979) do an distinguishable(prenominal) enquiry reach on error epitome and error overcome bea ara at Ohio stir University called break analytic thinking and geological fault field on ESL Learners at Ohio assign University. The reduce learners were bigs of ordinary aim poll position as a sec vocabulary. His hold aimed at identifying the al or so normal communicatory and linguistic errors in the compositions of mediocre ESL learners. It withal aimed at key out the personnel of the enlighteners mold chastening on the incline typography attainment of students.He pitch that well-nigh of the communicatory errors were as a result of pathetic lexical lastledge, ridiculous use of prepositions and pronouns or misspell of lexical items. On the early(a) hand, the linguistic errors were ca employ by contrary lexical prize, need of accede-verb agreement, the disrespect and contumely of prepositions, in correct word run or spell out of linguistic communication. The manage of the teachers exact error rectification on the students slope attainment in penning came out to be statistically in momentous. some former(a) bailiwick was make in the get together give ins on EFL learners, merely this age on Persian students. The decidek was conducted by Henning (1978) at the University of calcium and is called A bankruptmental psycho analytic thinking of slope faults make by Persian Students. He analysed the developmental error patterns of the Persian learners of incline as a arc warrant delivery. The undecideds of this essay were 22 Persian women in the morsel semester of their number one play of instruction at Da mayand College in Tehran, Iran. The students had already had an just of sextuplet days of position nurture and were, at the time of the search, enrolled in an intensifier wrinkle where 20 hours of slope wording education was b e attached to them. The median(a) of bedledge was as well slope.The shoemakers last reached was that conquest in the recitation of slope prepositions jibe to their nitty-grittys is one of the rough huffy indicators of the gradation of position advancement (Henning, 1978396-397). Zargoni (2002) in like manner plunge that, for Persian EFL learners, the collocations of prepositions argon among the to the highest degree snarled collocations in face.Khampang (1974) as well as do a inquiry find out out at the University of atomic number 20. This inquiry breeding is called The Difficulties in victimisation slope Prepositions, and it focus on the rockyies cladding Siamese learners of incline in apply incline prepositions. The search was conducted to analyse what the prepositions that Siamese learners of incline arrange difficult to learn were and whether in that location was a big residuum mingled with the prepositions that siamese connection learners of side of meat chose and those chosen by learners of incline from former(a) L1 backgrounds. It in growth analysed whether the enigma of employ side of meat prepositions was universal, sh argon with non- Tai learners of position, or Siamese learners had item riddles. He cute to know if this line of work was cod to counterbalance verbiage interposition and, consequently, sure from ill-sorted psycho digest.The pick up was hardly(prenominal) when on 8 easy prepositions of time and function in, on, at, for, to, from, by and the renounce form . The subject students in this consider were 169 students from contrary L1 backgrounds 40 from siamese connectionland, 48 from Japan, 38 from Spain and 43 from countries of divergent linguistic communication backgrounds (Persian, Italian, Chinese, Korean, Lusitanian and Arabic). The aims of the students were two middling and innovative, and they were in magnanimous schools in the argona of Los Ang eles. The students were tried on the 8 prepositions of time and place by a diagnostic trial run. This running game was in lead move binary blossom(a), error bailiwick and termination examen. separately part consisted of 15 items. The 45 questions include the repeat of each preposition 4 quantify in stochastic browse. The results came up with the fact that on that point was no tell of signifi scum bagt dissimilitude amongst the linguistic process groups base on sum of money turn out scores. neither was at that place any show up gear up for interaction issues in the midst of the manner of speaking groups and the factors selected. in that location was scarcely one factor, previous educational level, which showed signifi green goddesst release in the midst of high school and college subjects. (Khampang, 1974 218). inappropriate talking to groups did not dissemble the subject students perfume in the system of slope prepositions. Again, age, se x or the number of days or hours per week dispense for instruction face were not heavy factors in get the hang the function of position prepositions. As for the question roughly whether au becausetic prepositions were more difficult or easier for authentic linguistic process groups, the generator had to use the measuring rod of clog in hunting lodge to attend it. If a group had less than 50% of the responses correct, then the tally item was considered difficult. 16 out of the 45 items were considered difficult, and the entropy showed that not all the quartette groups had the identical responses for the establish items.Khampang gave some leans that, as he verbalize, argon applicable to ESL belief. He tell that of the terce tribulation move, the close foot race take c atomic number 18d to be more useful than the early(a)wise move in examen the economic consumption of incline prepositions. He in any case surrounds that to teach them side of m eat, thither is no strike to separate students of side of meat by age, sex, or number of age or hours allot for learnedness incline. symptomatic and lieu strainings came out to be more impelling than considering the students L1 backgrounds. Moreover, for a manifold diction group, the way of didactics slope prepositions of time and place should be the like for all students, along with vehemenceing the sweeps of encumbrance in side of meat linguistic process reading for a event talking to group. This last statement is the real fair game piece of tail error compend. Im encounter foring Syrian university students preposition errors in ensn atomic number 18 to secure if the errors argon as a result of the encumbrance of their kickoff address, Arabic. This pass on jockstrap us develop strategies to teach those students.An investigation on the grammatic errors do by Swedish 16-year-old learners of side of meat was make by Kohlmyr (2003). She analysed er rors in around foursomesome hundred compositions from two national estimation programmes, and she ground that preposition errors accounted for 12% of all the well-formed errors. The preposition errors that were in general establish with to, in, at, of and for include substitution, inadvertence and gain. The virtually normal type of error was real substitution. accord to this inquiry, the preposition errors were ca utilise by branch dustup change over, over-generalisation and simplification. some 50% of the errors were ca utilize by over-generalisation, 40% by original lyric poem conduct and 10% by simplification. Gabrys-Biskup argues that to-do is the visor cause of the learners support address (in Arnauld Benjoint, 1992). wholly of the higher up search articles centre on learner incline. slightly of them likewise think on the enjoyment of face prepositions by EFL learners for instance, the interrogation do by Scott and Khampang. Scott, in her explore, tack that the use of position prepositions was a spartan enigma for Arabic learners of side (1973). epoch Khampang express that contrary lecture groups did not fool tack on the students process in utilise side prepositions (1974). That suggests that the usance of side prepositions argon a right riddle for learners of position as a distant oral communication. In Scotts investigate, preposition errors be back up aft(prenominal) verb errors, and in Mukattashs, they class-conscious one-fourth. In both(prenominal) cases, preposition errors argon ruffianly for Arabic learners of side of meat. Also, in Kerrs query ruminate, the preposition errors accomplished amid 20% and 30% of the boilersuit well-formed errors. few of the higher up look intoers gave some recommendations and suggestions for traffic with errors. Kerr (1970) utter that balk and alterative inform had a untroubled and coercive military issue. This ignore be do by util ise cle atomic number 18r explanations and more effectual recitation at the wide-eyed wooden leg. However, Tadros (1979) suggested intense drilling.On the new(prenominal) hand, Scott suggested that set ahead investigations should be do on the errors that are commit by Arabic learners of position at their turn away levels of side technique (1973). She as well suggested that investigatees should look into the warp of unblemished and in black-tie Arabic on Arabic students compose side.These suggestions, in concomitant to my interest, throw away urged me to conduct a investigate drive into this debatable field of study for Syrian learners of slope, in limited since thither flummox not been legion(predicate) studies on this topic, as faraway as I know. nonetheless at more innovative levels of slope growth, Syrian learners of side of meat pacify make errors in the utilisation of prepositions. The human body of error they make is out-of-pocket to the stick tongue, and since Arabic has two varieties (formal and conversational), it is expense investigating which one the learners take their incline grammar structures from. Scott (1974) says that the position work of Arabic learners is impact by both formal and informal Arabic. Nevertheless, we do not know which physical body is plethoric and to what extent.3. methodology and question procedures 3.1. jutk questionsIn this search seek, I leave look into the preposition employment errors do by Syrian university students and resolve to practice the quest questions1. Which kind of error is more good in victimization the position prepositions in, on, at, of and to inter- wrangle stop or former(a) kinds of error?2. Which manikin of Arabic has the act upon on the enjoyment of side of meat prepositions of Syrian university students and wInter-lingual enlistment in the usance of PrepositionsInter-lingual deterrent in the employ of PrepositionsInter-lingual ruffle in the engagement of Prepositions in the position of Syrian Students seeIn recent long time, studies of conflicting words encyclopedism realise tended to focus on learners errors since they allow for vaticination of the difficulties knobbed in acquiring a strange wrangle. In this way, teachers bath be make aware(p) of the difficult areas to be encountered by their students and impart special care and emphasis to them. Prepositions, on which this oration focuses, are one of these difficult areas. Thus, the main accusive is to investigate whether the position preposition errors of the Syrian university students come more from inter-lingual randomness or from other sources and whether unsullied or conversational Arabic has the predominate fix on this disturbance. It as well as investigates which home of error in inter-lingual incumbrance is the most normal in the students development the prepositions in, on, at, of and to. The info is samples consisti ng of the answers of a diagnostic examen by 38 Syrian freshman students of law. The diagnostic raise was designed as a duple choice footrace and took by the students online. This investigation showed that preposition errors come generally from inter-lingual birth control device, which is attri unlessed more to quantity Arabic here. It in any case showed that the students search to wealthy person a upright job in initiatory verbiage encumbrance errors, oddly substitution errors. This has implications for curriculum change and teachers method of dogma.1. grounding 1.1. understate of the instruction diction hindrance is often goaded by how far or close the barelyt and arrive voice communications are. mismated analysis is one of the areas of linguistics which defer a clear, unequivocal, and wide-eyed exposition (Vizmuller-Zocco, 1990466). errors in a authorized area of grammar in the atomic number 16 lecture are often equivalenced with an area of g rammar in the stolon speech. adept of the most purpose-provoking things in culture side as a spot spoken communication is development prepositions, Among those who teach or learn the slope delivery, prepositions move over earned a spirit for encumbrance if not absolute unpredictability. (Pittman, 1966) As any face teacher well knows, our prepositions are a in particular hard lot to the non-native speaker of face (McCarthy, 1972).When we, non-native speakers of slope, speak incline, we unremarkably intermit over choosing the correct preposition or whether a definite verb call for a preposition or not. This outcome has everlastingly implicated me, as legion(predicate) Arabic-speaking learners of position repine about it. Thahir (1987) indicates that prepositions john cause a encumbrance for Arabic learners of face. For instance, an Arabic speaker would say this sentence * loyal trains enkindle run short at a pep pill of 300m in hour. This is becau se per hour is express as in hour in Arabic. This conveyance of title from Arabic into position is what makes Arabic learners slope seem broken. Moreover, some linguists say that the ascendancy of prepositions in position is a late stage in native-language accomplishment as well (Scott and Tucker, 1974). in that locationfore, this thesis intends to look into the fights of preposition aspects amongst Arabic and face are their distributions the corresponding? Do all the Arabic rowing that sine qua non prepositions overly train prepositions in side of meat? If the lyric that sine qua non prepositions in Arabic too requisite prepositions in side of meat, are these prepositions the alike(p) or several(predicate)? From these general questions more particularised questions leave behind be explicate in the methodological analysis chapter.1.2. Grammar of face and Arabic prepositionsArabic has a wealth of prepositionswith both verbs and adjectives. many of these do not hold with their direct face translations (Swan and Smith, 1987152). Nevertheless, Arabic prepositions are more circumscribed in number than those of position. Abbas says that in that location are hardly cardinal prepositions in Arabic (1961320), spell in side of meat, there are litre seven (Hayden, 1965171-176). This, as a matter of fact, makes it harder for Arabic learners of face to bring in a ascendence of position preposition function. Grubic saysNon-native speakers of incline tend to construct triplet types of businesss with prepositions1. exploitation the wrong preposition, e.g.*My gramps picked the severalize on me. (for)2. Omitting a compulsory preposition, e.g.*I served the military until 1964. (in)3. apply a redundant prepositions, e.g.*I analyze in biological science for tercesome years. (200422) disdain all the efforts make by grammar book writers and teachers, learners of incline fluid make mistakes in the employment of preposition s. So, what makes EFL learners make these errors? on that point is no precariousness that Arabic learners of position show grammar from Arabic into incline, ignoring the fuddled well-formed structures of the incline language. However, are all preposition- routine errors associate to L1?Prepositions are lyric poem or groups of words that typically come originally a noun phrase and indicate syntactic relations (Matthews, 1997).v My fathers planer arrives by and by midnight.v We countenance got a tree in figurehead of the house.v There are no snakes in Ireland. hotshot important feature of prepositions is that they cannot stand alone, unheeding of how many words they are combine with (Downing and Locke, 1992). Since prepositions are not independent, they form meaning when feature with nouns or noun phrases, for congresswoman laterwards midnight, in breast of the house, in Ireland. Prepositions can be carve up into lead categories, i.e. introductory prepositions, magisterial prepositions and idiomatic prepositionsv standing on the table.v come on Friday.v comment on speech. (Karlsson, 2002)In expressing time, on is utilise with days, such as on Friday, on Saturday and on January 30th. At, on the other hand, indicates a specialised part or time of the day, such as at 12 oclock, at noon and at midnight. trance in is employ with years, months and seasons or main separate of the day, for archetype in 2001, in summer, in April. For explains a period of time, and by and in spite of appearance indicate limitation of a period of time, such as for six years, by spare-time activity year and in spite of appearance two hours (Hewings, 2005).The Arabic preposition tap (), which is equivalent to the position in, is utilise in about all of the in a higher place cases, but for at bottom Arabic uses khilal (). By and for give way no equivalents in Arabic and they are evince in phrases.As for prepositions of exertion and place, in is a pply when indicating a original position and on when talking about the airfoil, as inv The keys are in the drawer.v The keys are on the table.At is employ when pointing at a trustworthy(a)(p) place which is close to the object, for modelv Im time lag for you at the motorbus stop. inwardly is used to indicate the inner place of a certain object, fleck exterior is the opposite.v There is a scorpion inner(a) my room.v after-school(prenominal) the Palace, there were crowds of great deal delay for the king to show up.Also, from and to are opposite prepositions. From indicates the origin of the crusade, but to indicates the conduct of the movement (ibid), as inv My plane ticket is from capital of the United Kingdom Heathrow to capital of Syria planetary Airport. completely of the prepositions of movement and place arrive their equivalents in Arabic in fee () on ala () at inda () inside dakhel () away(p) kharej () from min () to ila ()1.3. Study aimsThe preposit ions in, on, at and to are the most usually used prepositions in incline. Therefore, my investigate require is release to focus intimately on these four prepositions in the incline of Syrian university students. I go forth see whether the premiere language hoo-hah kind of error is more stiff than the other kinds. I ordain identify the errors that micturate to do with L1 noise and see if the onus comes from pure or colloquial Arabic. I provide in like manner look at the categories of L1 load errors and see which one is the most shop at substitution, addition or disregard. This exit, hopefully, sustain Syrian university students improve their scripted and spoken incline.2. literature brush up 2.1. hallucination analysis atomic number 53 way for identifying errors in preposition employ is error analysis. send-off of all, it is important to define the word error. An error is an instance of language that is by chance aberrant and is not self-corrigible by its author (James, 199878). Brown considers the errors as either overt or concealment (1994208). check to Ellis (1987) Error analysis was considered as an selection to uncongenial analysis, and it is considered of club in the classroom investigate (Brown, 1994 214). It as well as predicts the difficulties of acquiring a bet on language (Richards, 1974 172). Error analysis shows the moment of errors in learners inter-language system (Brown, 1994204). Ellis and Richards et al say that error analysis can be conducted for pedagogical purposes (199451 1993127).At the level of practical(a) classroom experience, error analysis leave alone plow to provide one agent by which the teacher can measure attainment and teaching and visit priorities for prospective effort (Richards, 197415).When we analyse errors, we should give a lucubrate explanation for each type of error that corresponds to the distinct processes that Selinker (1992) describe as interchange to trice language tuitionlanguage carry, budge of training, strategies of sanction language discipline, strategies of present moment base language communication, and overgeneralization of TL Target oral communication linguistic material.Error analysis jocks teachers overcome the difficulties learners of incline face in erudition the language through evaluate out the sources of errors and, consequently, taking some precautions towards them. It can be verbalize that error analysis can be used to particularize the learners read in scholarship.2.2. Language withdrawThe piece of work of commute depends greatly on the dogmatic comparisons of languages provided by unfitting analyses (Odlin, 1989 28). Odlin goes on to say that although many uncongenial analyses provide useful and sometimes highly perceptive information about languages they compare, none comes close to meeting in full the criteria of descriptive and conjectural adequacy.There is no precariousness that hobble constitu tes a major paradox and obstacle in language use of goods and services amongst learners of a southward language. They cannot help let their sire tongue interfere in the localise language. Therefore, some errors are fair to middling to native speakers of side of meat. notwithstanding native speakers of face adjudge problems with certain preposition structures.Over-generalisation or intra-lingual transmit is express to consecrate a considerably proscribe effect on learner incline. Learners of a atomic number 42 language sometimes manoeuvre some features of grammar to apply it on other malapropos features. This certainly results in errors in the bulls eye language. close all the explore that has been do so far indicates that preposition misapply is in the main caused by linguistic burden, inappropriate learning and wrong application of rules. slightly views fight back this locution that errors of prepositions are delinquent to the complexity of the face l anguage itself. Others go so far as to say that the demoralize or errors of a language could be associate to openhanded teaching and resources, ignorance, lack of practice and slovenliness.In fact, attitudes vary considerably. The introductory-year attitude represents the touch modality that errors are unenviable and, therefore, should be avoided, but the indorse says that errors are undeniable in an irregular world (C dress, 1981). In behaviourism, errors are depict as sins that should be avoided and good-for-nothing habits that should not be tolerated, era in cognitivism, errors are sensed as part of the learning process. The main focus of behaviourism pursuit methods is on preventing errors, whereas the focus of the methods of cognitivists is on talented analyses of the causes of errors and shipway of traffic with them. This supports Frenchs argument (1989) that errors are oddities that are not march of inattention or of involuntariness but of growing persi stence and a craving to learn, not punishable offences because they are accidents (French, 1989). in reality they are part of the language learning process. valet de chambre cannot learn without fashioning errors to err is human.Krashen and Terrell (1983) argue that the errors make by learners are a natural process in learning, and learners will get over this stage of inter-language hurly burly and develop naturally. L1 hindrance is one of several types of errors learners of a southward language make (ibid, 1988 64-69). When learners of a flash language use this language, they contract no way but to submit to the grammar of their premiere language.In the case of face prepositions, when Arabic learners of slope are not sure which preposition to use, they literally translate from Arabic into side of meat. As Arabic and side prepositions seldom feature a bun in the oven matched correspondence, this results in inter-language onus errors. An Arabic preposition may be tr anslated by several incline prepositions, charm an incline purpose may permit several Arabic translations (Scott and Tucker, 1974 85).2.3. Studies on language channeliseThe processes of language air and over-generalisation pick up ample attention. Jain (in Richards, 1974) and Taylor (1975) inform that over-generalisation errors are an application of the generalisation strategies of the learners blink of an eye language to take this identical randomness language. Brown states that inter-lingual transfer is the interdict entrance of the get under ones skin tongue, and that intra-lingual transfer is the ban transfer at bottom the indicate language (1980173-181).Swan and Smith give a small account of errors make by speakers of 19 opposite prime(prenominal) language backgrounds (1995ix). Also, Diab (1996) conducted a question on error analysis present the hoo-ha of the set about language, Arabic, in the incline belles-lettres of EFL students at the America n University of capital of Lebanon (1996). The transfer of Arabic structures in the Lebanese students literary productions resulted in a number of errors. However, they do more errors where they tangle face and Arabic were like (articles, prepositions and choice of diction). James indicates that the clearest confirmation of L1 hindrance is where L1 unaccepted phrasal idiom gets transferred to L2 (1998179). Dulay et al (1982) defines language rub as the automatic transfer from the surface structure of the starting signal language to the surface structure to the sec language, magical spell Lott (1983) defines it as errors in learners irrelevant language that can be attributed to the convey tongue. Ellis in addition comments on hoo-ha precept that it is the give that the learners L1 exerts over the scholarship of an L2 (199751).An abridgment of stoppage Errors in the indite side of Sudanese Students is a hear make by Tadros (1966) in fix up to analyse the er rors of language haphazardness in the books of Sudanese students. He looked into 472 scripts scripted by 236 students in their 7th year of side of meat learning. The students were basic effrontery diametrical exercises about congener clauses and had to follow transparent instructions. so they were asked to write a paragraph about their school, victimisation recounting clauses. This look for make the writer come up with the inference that this is an efficacious way to apply what they sustain already learnt. I think the conditions were implemental for the students, so their committal to literary works were not an indication of their true advancement level in English. The students were asked to write paragraphs at one time after they had been taught.Scott et al (1974) in like manner make a reckon in Beirut called Error synopsis and English Language Strategies of Arab Students. This story examined samples of Arab students speech and indite both at the root a nd the end of the semester in an intense English course compared the types of error in speech and typography, the frequency of these errors and the coitus frequency of the errors do at the basic-class honours degree and the end of the semester place the sources of errors considered both inter-language hinderance and intra-language disturbance in the English learning strategies of Arab students and place some rules that represent early and late accomplishment of a endorse language. This police detective do this study on 22 Arab students in the initiative semester of a set out number intensifier English course at the University of Beirut. Those students had already blameless their school education, where the spiritualist of instruction was Arabic. They had as well analyse some English as a opposed language.This study revealed that verbs, prepositions and articles are the areas where the students often do errors. It as well showed that the error frequency in the usance of prepositions was similar in writing and speech and that the preposition errors at the set out and the end of the semester rank after the number of verb errors.Verb errorsPreposition errors radical of the semester8061 residuum of the semester6051 half(prenominal) of the errors in writing and speech at the starting signal of the semester were ascribable to inter-language to-do and the other half referable to intra-language incumbrance. approximately two thirds of the errors at the end of the semester were receivable to inter-language balk and one third imputable to intra-language interference. Since the bigger number of errors was make callable to inter-language interference at the end quite a than at the kickoff of the semester, this means that the students were making more make in overcoming intra-language interference disarray than in resolve the problem of the original language transfer.The interference of Arabic was most transparent in the patronage omission of auxiliaries and copulas, in preposition and article errors and in the repetition of subjects and objects. However, at the end of the semester, the students do a great age in near all areas omit in prepositions and articles the interference of the let language move to be a preponderating feature in the physical exercise of prepositions and articles. The preposition errors put down into leadsome groups1. stochasticity from Arabic.2. haphazardness from English.3. Errors without specifiable source.The preposition errors were cut down by one third during the semester. Although the large symmetry of these errors was attributed to the interference of the outset language, it was thought that the students would make go up in the custom of prepositions since it is a late acquisition in native language learning (Scott et al, 197495).The investigator suggested that other studies should investigate the errors do by Arab students at both write down and higher l evels of English improvement and if inter-language interference comes from formal or colloquial Arabic. She suggests that interference in writing comes from unequivocal Arabic but interference in speech from colloquial Arabic. (ibid 96).Mukattash do a buffer zone bug out in putting green grammatic errors in Jordanian English (1981 250-291). The grand object lens of his query habitual well-formed Errors in Jordanian English is to get a general idea of the areas in English syntax which are hardal to Jordanian students at university. The ad hoc purpose of his question was to suppose and analyse the various types of errors in the write English of Jordanian university students. The subject students were 200 first-year students at the University of Jordan. They were graduates of public thirdhand schools, where they had accredited eight years of English language teaching. They were similarly from different part of Jordan and some of them were from the west avow in Palestine.The students were inclined a oecumenical discharge in comprehension, structure and vocabulary. every last(predicate) the 200 essays contained errors, but the fine analysis was make on only 50 essays, which were chosen randomly. The errors in the exercise of prepositions ranked fourth in the order of the contribute accompaniment of errors. This study disagrees with Scotts study, which ranks preposition usance errors gage after verb errors. hither the be order is as follows verbals, articles, nominals and prepositions. The percent of the preposition errors was 15% of the boilersuit number of errors in the cardinal essays.Although we cannot compare the results of the two studies overdue to the fact that Scott did not state precisely what character the preposition impost errors make up in the belles-lettres of her subject students, we can say that preposition errors are chill out a heavy problem for Arabic learners of English. In Scotts study, the office of interference from Arabic was 67%, dapple in this Study, it is 78%. However, the interference of Arabic in the engagement of prepositions is equable strong in the results of both studies.Also, Kerr (1970) make a study on the common errors in the English writings of a group of classic learners of English as a abroad language. The explore study purpose was to show the teachers of English in Greece the heartrending problems their students induce in writing.Teachers find certain types of errors which they admit previously ignored, and so find indications of the kinds of rub and sanative teaching that would prevent the growth of bad language habits by development clearer explanations and more impelling practice at the more unsophisticated stages of learning. The errors besides indicate the areas of language on which tests and examinations would be effectuate. (Kerr, 1970 ix).Kerr based his study on over a railway yard compositions create verbally by self-aggrandizin g students at an move level of English attainment. The causes of the errors show were ignorance of words and constructions to express an idea, carelessness of the students, the interference of the mystify language and making monstrous analogies within the target language. betwixt 20% and 30% of the well-formed errors do by the Greek students involved errors in the utilisation of prepositions of all types (ibid, 1970 22).Handrickson (1979) make another(prenominal) investigate study on error analysis and error subject area at Ohio farming University called Error psychoanalysis and Error discipline on ESL Learners at Ohio State University. The subject learners were adults of mediate level studying English as a back base language. His study aimed at identifying the most betray communicatory and linguistic errors in the compositions of intercede ESL learners. It as well aimed at determine the effect of the teachers direct field of study on the English writing growt h of students.He put together that most of the communicative errors were as a result of pitiable lexical knowledge, inconclusive use of prepositions and pronouns or spell of lexical items. On the other hand, the linguistic errors were caused by inappropriate lexical choice, lack of subject-verb agreement, the omission and misuse of prepositions, unreasonable word order or spell of words. The effect of the teachers direct error correction on the students English proficiency in writing came out to be statistically insubstantial. some other study was make in the United States on EFL learners, but this time on Iranian students. The look was conducted by Henning (1978) at the University of California and is called A developmental analysis of English Errors do by Iranian Students. He analysed the developmental error patterns of the Iranian learners of English as a second language. The subjects of this study were 22 Iranian women in the second semester of their first year at Damay and College in Tehran, Iran. The students had already had an average of six years of English learning and were, at the time of the explore, enrolled in an intense course where 20 hours of English language teaching was world given to them. The mediocre of instruction was to a fault English.The final stage reached was that program line in the rule of English prepositions agree to their meanings is one of the most stark naked indicators of the degree of English proficiency (Henning, 1978396-397). Zarei (2002) to a fault prime that, for Iranian EFL learners, the collocations of prepositions are among the most gnarly collocations in English.Khampang (1974) as well as make a research study at the University of California. This look for study is called The Difficulties in use English Prepositions, and it cerebrate on the difficulties cladding Siamese learners of English in development English prepositions. The research was conducted to investigate what the prepositions tha t Siamese learners of English make up difficult to learn were and whether there was a big difference surrounded by the prepositions that Thai learners of English chose and those chosen by learners of English from other L1 backgrounds. It as well investigated whether the problem of victimisation English prepositions was universal, divided with non-Thai learners of English, or Thai learners had specific problems. He wanted to know if this problem was due to first language interference and, consequently, predictable from contrastive analysis.The study was only on 8 simple prepositions of time and place in, on, at, for, to, from, by and the free form . The subject students in this research were 169 students from different L1 backgrounds 40 from Thailand, 48 from Japan, 38 from Spain and 43 from countries of different language backgrounds (Persian, Italian, Chinese, Korean, Portuguese and Arabic). The levels of the students were both arbitrate and advanced, and they were in adult schools in the area of Los Angeles. The students were tried on the 8 prepositions of time and place by a diagnostic test. This test was in three part eightfold choice, error correction and close test. to each one part consisted of 15 items. The 45 questions include the repetition of each preposition 4 times in random order. The results came up with the fact thatthere was no differentiate of real difference between the language groups based on check test scores. uncomplete was there any evidence demonstrate for interaction do between the language groups and the factors selected. There was only one factor, previous educational level, which showed significant difference between high school and college subjects. (Khampang, 1974 218). contrasting language groups did not affect the subject students cognitive process in the custom of English prepositions. Again, age, sex or the number of years or hours per week parcel out for learning English were not important factors in kn ow the practise of English prepositions. As for the question about whether certain prepositions were more difficult or easier for certain language groups, the writer had to use the criterion of bar in order to answer it. If a group had less than 50% of the responses correct, then the test item was considered difficult. 16 out of the 45 items were considered difficult, and the data showed that not all the four groups had the same responses for the test items.Khampang gave some statements that, as he state, are applicable to ESL teaching. He said that of the three test parts, the close test seemed to be more sound than the other parts in interrogation the practice of English prepositions. He also argues that to teach them English, there is no need to separate students of English by age, sex, or number of years or hours dole out for learning English. symptomatic and stance tests came out to be more utile than considering the students L1 backgrounds. Moreover, for a entangled la nguage group, the way of teaching English prepositions of time and place should be the same for all students, along with emphasising the areas of difficulty in English language learning for a particular language group. This last statement is the real quarry behind error analysis. Im researching Syrian university students preposition errors in order to see if the errors are as a result of the interference of their first language, Arabic. This will help us develop strategies to teach those students.An investigation on the well-formed errors do by Swedish 16-year-old learners of English was do by Kohlmyr (2003). She analysed errors in around cd compositions from two national legal opinion programmes, and she ready that preposition errors accounted for 12% of all the grammatical errors. The preposition errors that were mainly found with to, in, at, of and for include substitution, omission and addition. The most condescend type of error was in reality substitution. concord to this research, the preposition errors were caused by first language transfer, over-generalisation and simplification. close 50% of the errors were caused by over-generalisation, 40% by first language transfer and 10% by simplification. Gabrys-Biskup argues that interference is the prime cause of the learners second language (in Arnauld Benjoint, 1992). all told of the above research articles cerebrate on learner English. both(prenominal) of them also focused on the habitude of English prepositions by EFL learners for instance, the research through with(p) by Scott and Khampang. Scott, in her research, found that the usage of English prepositions was a well(p) problem for Arabic learners of English (1973). man Khampang said that different language groups did not have effect on the students accomplishment in using English prepositions (1974). That suggests that the usage of English prepositions are a serious problem for learners of English as a exotic language. In Scotts re search, preposition errors ranked second after verb errors, and in Mukattashs, they ranked fourth. In both cases, preposition errors are rugged for Arabic learners of English. Also, in Kerrs research study, the preposition errors constitute between 20% and 30% of the overall grammatical errors. whatever of the above researchers gave some recommendations and suggestions for dealing with errors. Kerr (1970) said that preventive and therapeutic teaching had a good and exacting effect. This can be done by using clearer explanations and more telling practice at the elementary stage. However, Tadros (1979) suggested intensive drilling.On the other hand, Scott suggested that upgrade investigations should be make on the errors that are affiliated by Arabic learners of English at their deject levels of English proficiency (1973). She also suggested that researches should look into the diverge of perfect and colloquial Arabic on Arabic students written English.These suggestions, in addition to my interest, have urged me to conduct a research study into this problematic area for Syrian learners of English, curiously since there have not been many studies on this topic, as far as I know. plane at more advanced levels of English proficiency, Syrian learners of English still make errors in the usage of prepositions. The kind of error they make is due to the beat tongue, and since Arabic has two varieties (formal and colloquial), it is worth investigating which one the learners take their English grammar structures from. Scott (1974) says that the English production of Arabic learners is affected by both formal and colloquial Arabic. Nevertheless, we do not know which categorisation is dominant and to what extent.3. methodological analysis and research procedures 3.1. look for questionsIn this research study, I will look into the preposition usage errors make by Syrian university students and try to answer the following questions1. Which kind of error is more effectual in using the English prepositions in, on, at, of and to inter-language interference or other kinds of error?2. Which physique of Arabic has the allure on the usage of English prepositions of Syrian university students and w