Essay Examples About Medicine

Essay Examples About MedicineTaking medicine is a life changing experience and the questions and essay sample you will need for this will show how much effort you put into your writing. There are many different examples of medication examples you can use to write your essays. These are basically descriptions of symptoms that can occur and the cause of these.Some examples of this are; vomiting, anxiety, or hot flashes. To help you decide which example will fit your needs, you should also decide on the type of situation that you are in. For example, if you are seeking treatment for the flu, you may need a medical science example that describes symptoms such as a runny nose or a headache.If you have more time, you can consider a brief medical description or even an essay that talks about your feelings. There are many different examples to choose from so it is important to keep these different types of examples in mind. It is easier to come up with an essay when you know what you need an d not have a ton of options.When writing an essay about a medical condition, it is important to include details that relate to the medical science aspect of the treatment. This can include information such as the type of medicine, the severity of the condition, the medications that will be prescribed, the warnings that you will be given, and how the patient is being treated. Another example would be talking about medication for anxiety. Again, knowing what you are writing for will help you come up with a good essay and make sure you do not forget any of the details.Medicine examples can be in the form of one sentence, two sentence paragraphs, or a full essay. The only rules of how many sentences you can include are that you should include the important information first and then try to make it a more written description of the different parts of the medicine example.Once you have the key points for the essay, you should be able to tie it all together by having the medical science as pect come through the essay. Writing about how you feel can be one of the best ways to make a good impression and help you land that job that you have been looking for.You will find a variety of essay samples and tips for essays at any online college or school. There are many different examples to choose from. So you do not have to take my word for it when I say that writing an essay about medicine is a challenging task, but it is a task that can be completed.

Javelin Analysis Essay Example

Javelin Analysis Essay Aerobic Power/cardio-vascular endurance Javelin throwers need little or no aerobic power/cardio-vascular endurance because their event is purely anaerobic and lasts for such a short period of time that in needs only fast twitch fibres to achieve success. Anaerobic power/speed Javelin throwers undoubtedly need very good anaerobic power and speed because they take part in an event, which only takes a short period of time and requires a maximal effort. In terms of muscle fibres that they need to achieve the best results they require a very high percentage of fast twitch muscle fibres in comparison to slow twitch muscle fibres (around 60/70% fast twitch and 40/30% slow twitch). Of which of that 60/70% they want as many FTG (fast twitch glycolytic) muscle fibres as possible because their event is purely anaerobic so unlike FOG (fat oxidative glycolytic) muscle fibres which combine both of the two types, FOGs can work almost as well anaerobically as FTG muscle fibres but they lose some power and strength because they have a slightly small muscle diameter thus meaning they are not as strong. Yet because javelin throwing is purely anaerobic, competitors will want to get the full capacity out of their fast twitch muscle fibres which they can only do with FTG muscle fibres. Despite this FOG muscle fibres will be helpful for the javelin throwers over a series of heats because the throw is highly strenuous on the upper body in particular so they must have some anaerobic endurance. Explosive leg power We will write a custom essay sample on Javelin Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Javelin Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Javelin Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Javelin throwers will have a high percentage of fast twitch fibres in their legs because they do play a large part in the throw, but in comparison too their upper body their legs are used more for gaining momentum rather than actually putting the force into the throw. This means that they dont need as high a percentage of FTG muscle fibres in their legs because they dont have to produce a maximal effort. Arm and shoulder strength Obviously javelin throwers need a lot of strength in their arms and shoulders because the bulk of the effort is coming from the upper body; the main movement a javelin thrower uses is the shoulder starting in an extended position and moving it into a flexed position to throw the javelin. They will also go from flexion at the elbow too extension of the elbow. The two main muscles in use for these movements will be the deltoid; bicep and tricep which are all obviously muscle of the arm and shoulder. So to carry out these movements effectively and successfully they require good strength and power in these departments. Arm and shoulder strength and endurance Although javelin throwers require no endurance in terms of aerobic endurance but in order to be able to throw the javelin the javelin over very long distances and then possibly have to repeat this throw and try and better it in the next heat they do necessitate endurance in terms of FOG muscle fibres as these have the advantages of slow twitch fibres (good blood supply, myoglobin content) but also have the advantages of FTG muscle fibres (long fast firing motor neurones and ATPase for quire ATP production) so they do give a certain amount of endurance in terms of anaerobic work. Abdominal strength and endurance Javelin throwers need good strength and some endurance in their abdominals as they play a part in the in the throw because they must take there run up in almost a side on position too the direction they wish to throw the javelin and then rotate at the torso to give the throw extra momentum. To do this effectively they must have strong abdominal muscles in order to rotate quickly without losing balance during the run up. Also when lifting the weight from the ground they must initially use their abdominals. Joint mobility/flexibility Javelin throwers need very high joint mobility and flexibility because throughout the throw they will be using a lot of the joints in their body, especially their torso, shoulders and elbows, on top of the rapid movements that will be taking place at these joints they will also be extremely powerful movements so the ligaments and tendons involved need to be very strong in order to withstand them. Agility Balance Agility is vital for success in javelin throwing because the competitors must be able to run reasonably quickly and then produce very rapid and powerful movements and at the same time they must keep their footing because if they dont they may step over the throwing line and the throw will be recorded as a foul. This is why we often see javelin throwers throw the javelin a good few metres away from the throwing line, in order to give them selves time and space too be able to catch their footing and find their balance. So someone with great agility in balance might be able to throw the javelin closer to the throwing line which will obviously add extra distance too their throw and give them an advantage. Co-ordination Javelin throwers do require some co-ordination because they must be able to throw the javelin while thinking about how they need to move to counter balance them selves while under the stress and momentum of the throw. Although this seems simple in terms of co-ordination, without it would be almost impossible to balance while producing such a massive effort. Reaction Time Javelin throwers dont require fast reactions at all because their event doesnt involve any reaction to any kind of stimulus which needs a quick reaction. Timing Although javelin throwers dont need amazing timing they must be able to self pace themselves, especially in terms of timing of their run and timing of their throw, because there is a possibility of fouling by stepping over the throwing line javelin throwers must be able to time their throws. If they throw the javelin too early they will lose distance on their throw but if they throw too late they risking fouling.

chcj v Essays

chcj v Essays chcj v Paper chcj v Paper 33I-V PLOTS OF LIGHT EMITTING DIODES (LEDs)I. OBJECTIVESa. Collect current-voltage (I-V) data for one resistor and several light emitting diodesb. Plot I versus V for the resistor and the diodesc. Compare the I-V plot of the resistor with those of the diodes II. EQUIPMENTResistor, diodes, 10 volt DC power supply, voltmeter, ammeter, connecting wires III. INTRODUCTIONAn incandescent lamp consists of a metal filament made out of tungsten which is heated to a high temperature by an electric current that passes through it. The filament is enclosed in an evacuated glass envelope to avoid oxidation of the filament by the surrounding air. Most of the light emitted by an incandescent lamp is in the infrared and therefore is not visible. Incandescent lamps are inefficient light sources because only a small part of the electrical power they consume is converted into visible light. Light emitting diodes (LEDs) which are made out of semiconductor materials such as gallium arsenide (GaAs )are muc h more efficient light sources. Below we describe briefly the operating principle of these diodes. Pure semiconductors (also called â€Å"intrinsic†) do not contact electricity at room temperature and are thus not useful for the fabrication of electric and electronic devices. Semiconductors conduct electricity if we dope them with a small amount of impurity atoms. In the case of Silicon (Si) these would be any atom other than Si. Impurities are divided into two broad categories: Donors and Acceptors. A donor is an impurity atom that has more electrons in its outermost shell that is necessary to form chemical bonds with their neighboring atoms. Each Silicon atom has four electrons in its outermost shell; these electrons are involved in forming the chemical bonds with the neighboring Si atoms. An Arsenic (As) atom on the other hand has 5 electrons in its outermost shell. If we add it as an impurity silicon it will act as a donor because it

Nursing Scholarship for 2011-12 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nursing for 2011-12 - Scholarship Essay Example However, despite my interest in studying nursing and thereby gain a good career, I also have some serious financial insufficiency which is required to realize mu long cherished dream. Hence I am applying for this scholarship and have also provided the proof of my parent’s income which is low and would not suffice for pursuing my studies. Given their condition, I do not want to place an extra burden on them with regard to my study fees. As my parents, I have always wanted to provide for them as much as possible from my end and not tax them. Hence obtaining a scholarship will help me to alleviate my financial problems and help me realize my goals. I ensure that I would do my best and be committed and sincere in my studies. I am basically a hardworking person and with the goals that I have set for my future, I would only increase my hard work and my capability to deliver the best in my studies. Hence, I kindly request you to grant me the scholarship and enable me to complete my s tudies in the nursing field.

Inclusive Practice in Social Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Inclusive Practice in Social Work - Essay Example Enforcing such a law is just one of the strategies of promoting inclusive practice in the education sector because the government puts enough mechanisms to ensure that even children from poor backgrounds access quality education just as those from well of families. Other states must follow the same example and adopt such policies to ensure that education is accessible and affordable to all children. Right to quality healthcare is one of the fundamental rights enshrined in the constitutions of most countries. As a professional healthcare worker working in the healthcare sector, I will ensure that I treat all the clients equally. I will serve them with respect and in accordance with the accepted professional code of conduct and I will not discriminate anyone on whatever basis. As I offer my services to the clients, I will also share the same idea to them that they embrace inclusive practice at whatever capacity they are in. I will try to influence my colleagues to do the same, to show respect to all clients and treat them in a humane manner regardless of their social, economic or religious backgrounds. In the care homes, the only way to make clients feel at home is to treat them well regardless of their conditions or social standings. Most of the elderly people suffer from degenerative and non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, arthritis and high blood pressure. Showing them love and allowing them to participate in decision making makes them more proactive. Sympathizing with their situations is not a solution, rather it is important to encourage and help them overcome their challenges. Inclusive practice in such a context is all about giving the elderly a chance to all make their input in the society and acknowledging that they also have a lot to offer. Therefore, inclusive practice in social work is something very important practice that must be encouraged in social settings such as schools,

Pestle Analysis Of The Car Industry

Pestle Analysis Of The Car Industry This report is a PESTLE analysis of the Car Industry. We have looked at Political, Environmental, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental issues that affect the car industry based on innovations that have and are taking place. It is political factors which are creating market pulls on innovation in the automobile industry and having the greatest affect on the innovations which are produced. This is because the governments of many countries are concerned about global warming and lowering their emissions. And one way to lower its affects is for the automobile industry to create innovations which have less of an impact on the environment. The main ways through which governments are intervening are, Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles, FreedomCAR, emission standards and the Kyoto Protocol. Â  The number of accidents and alcohol related accidents, which are social factors, are starting to increase. This has caused the automotive to innovate to help reverse this increase and lower the number of accidents on the road. 2. INTRODUCTION The aim of this report is to have an insight of the automobile industry, how it has been affected by innovation and what actions the car companies have taken in terms of innovation. We will analyse the external factors of the industry through a PESTLE analysis. The word PESTLE is an abbreviation of Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental. A PESTLE analysis is an audit of an organisations environmental influences (CIPD, 2009) that are having an effect on the organisation/industry. The analysis can lead to seeing possible opportunities that lie within the industry and where the major influences on the industry come from. An innovation is the generation of a new idea and its implementation into a product, process or service (Urabe et al, 1986, p.3). An innovation can fall under one of the following categories: Product Changes in the things (products/services) which an organisation offers. Process Changes in the ways they are created and delivered. Position Changes in the context the product/services are introduced Paradigm Changes in the underlying mental models which frame what the organisation does. (Tidd, Bessant and Pavitt, 2005, p.10) We will refer to this classification of different types of innovations throughout this report. The Henderson and Clark model of innovation will also be used, and according to it there are 4 types of innovation: Incremental innovation is the enhancement of existing products or services. (Gaynor, 2002, p. 25) Modular innovation is when new knowledge is required on a product as one part of a product is significantly improved but the overall the architecture of the product remains the same. (Innovation Zen, 2006) Architectural innovation reconfigures a system of components that constitute a product, process or service (Gaynor, 2002, p.26). Radical innovation is the introduction of new products or services that develop into major new businesses or spawn new industries, or that cause significant change in a whole industry (Gaynor, 2002, p.27). 3. THE PARTNERSHIP FOR A NEW GENERATION OF VEHICLES The Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV) was a program that started in 1993 by U.S president Bill Clinton and vice president Al Gore (PNGV, 2009). The partnership was between many government agencies including the United States Council for Automotive Research. (USCAR) This consisted of the big three American automotive manufacturers (Ford, General Motors and Chrysler), over 300 suppliers of automotive parts, small businesses, Universities and federal Labs (see appendix 1) (Turner et al, 2000). In this partnership the U.S government would match the amount of capital the big 3 manufacturers invested into the research of technologies that would help achieve the partnerships objectives and the big 3 manufacturers, small businesses, universities and laboratories would carry out the research (Jewett, 1997). When this program first started, it had 3 objectives: To increase the competitiveness of the U.S automotive industry. Create a mid -sized vehicle that has the fuel efficiency of 80 miles to the gallon whilst keeping the performance and cost similar to those of vehicles that were available in 1993. This vehicle would need to apply to the emissions standards of 2004. Employ the innovations that were created in the program to conventional vehicles once the innovations became commercially viable. (Fosgard, 1995) The government created this partnership for two main reasons: The first is that they wanted to lower Americas need on foreign oil (an economic factor) through the fact that more efficient vehicles would use less oil and this would increase Americas national security (a social factor) (PNGV, 2009) because the country would be less reliant on other nations for fuel. Secondly, the U.S government wanted to lower the amount of harmful greenhouse emissions that the United States emitted as a whole and lowering the level of emissions that the cars in the U.S was one way to fulfil this reason (PNGV, 2009). This was an environmental factor causing the creation of PNGV. There was a requirement of the vehicles that were to be created in 2004, which was that they should be able to travel a certain distance on a full tank of fuel. Also there were short deadlines within the program an example was that by 1997 production prototypes of the vehicles that were most likely to meet the objectives were to be created. These two factors meant that architectural innovations over the regular internal combustion engine like a fuel cell or pure electric vehicle couldnt be pursued because they could not meet the range requirement and required much longer to research than the deadline allowed (Sperling, 1996). These are architectural innovations as they reconfigure the power source of the vehicle and no longer use an internal combustion engine. Such innovations would have been better at meeting objectives as they required little or no oil and emitted far less greenhouse gases. The only option available to the automobile manufacturers was a hybrid electric vehicle. A product and modular innovation over internal combustion engines as they use a regular internal combustion engine in partnership with one or more electric motors (Toyota, 2009). The hybrid electric vehicle was originally created in 1899 by Dr. Ferdinand Porsche (Truett, 2006), which makes the hybrid the big three manufacturers created was an incremental innovation on Porsches hybrid vehicle as their version was an enhancement of an existing technology. In the end no vehicles were produced which could meet all the requirements (Washington Times, 2009) so it could be seen as a failure. However many incremental innovations were created because of this partnership. Examples are, all of todays hybrid vehicles use some battery technology that was created in PNGV (Business Week, 2006), and DaimlerChrysler made large strides in technology which makes vehicles lighter, up to 46% lighter than conventional vehicles which they use in their latest models (Vasilash, 2000). Overall PNGV was a political factor affecting innovation because it was initiated by the government. This caused market pull on innovation in the automotive sector as the innovation was being carried out to meet a specific need. A marketing pull is when a stimulus of innovation comes from the needs of the society or from a particular sector of the market (Open University, ND).This political factor was caused by environmental, social and economical elements. Even though the government wanted to free themselves from the need on foreign oil the conflicting objectives of the partnership did not allow pursuit of architectural innovations which would have allowed this but many useful incremental innovations did come out of the partnership. 4. FREEDOM CAR PROGRAM Due to the failure of PNGV the U.S government created the FreedomCAR program (FreedomCAR, 2002). This program is a partnership between the U.S government, USCAR and five major energy companies (Green Car Congress, 2008). The program is based on the following principles: Freedom from dependence on imported oil. Freedom from pollutant emissions Freedom for Americans to choose the kind of vehicle they want to drive, to drive where they want and when they want. Freedom to obtain fuel affordably and conveniently. (U.S Department of Energy, 2009) The program is based on similar economic, social and environmental issues as PNGV however the latter 2 principles are further social factors that caused the creation of FreedomCAR. The long term focus of the program is to see whether hydrogen fuel cell vehicles can become the norm in the U.S by 2015 (Green Car Congress, 2005), this is because as previously explained the vehicles are an architectural innovation that do not require oil and produces no harmful emissions. The short term focus is to make internal combustion vehicles and electric hybrid vehicles as efficient and environmentally friendly as possible (Green Car Congress, 2005). In terms of innovation in the automotive industry, the partnership is exploring research in a wide range of areas from creating lithium ion batteries for use in vehicles to making carbon fibre much cheaper to produce (Business Week, 2006). These are incremental innovations as they are improvement on existing technology and so it may seem that they are not pursuing the long term focus of the partnership but these incremental innovations are required to make the architectural innovation possible (Business week, 2006). Just like PNGV, FreedomCAR is a political element that is having an effect on innovation in the automotive industry as it was created by the government because of several economic, social and environmental issues. The difference between the two programs is that FreedomCAR lacks restrictive deadlines and its main focus is architectural innovation which will hopefully meet the principles set. 5. CAR EMMISSIONS Car emissions have become an increasingly important issue for car owners and reducing individuals carbon footprints. Buying smaller cars have been encouraged to car owners by the media and many politicians. (Quirk, 2008) The European Union is trying to reduce the CO2 emissions from cars and also improve their fuel efficiency which led to the creation of the ACEA agreement. The agreement is between the European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA), the Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association (JAMA), and the Korea Automobile Manufacturers Association (KAMA). The table below shows how these targets can change into fuel efficiency standards for petrol and diesel cars according to the ACEA agreement. Relationships between CO2 targets and fuel consumption Year Target Petrol (Litres of fuel consumed per 100 km) Diesel (Litres of fuel consumed per 100 km) 2012 120 gCO2/km 5.1 4.6 2008 140 gCO2/km 5.9 5.4 A failure for the car industry to meet the 2008/9 targets could lead to mandatory regulation in the future (Rajagopalan Saini 2007). For example BMW has built the Mini Cooper Diesel which meets the targets set above as they are below the criteria, making it an efficient car of its time. 64mpg is the cars combined fuel consumption and 104g/km of carbon dioxide is emitted. The 5-series saloon is also achieving these quality emissions where the 2.0 litre diesel version emits just 136g/km about the same as a hatchback. (Quirk, 2008) The Society of Motor Manufacturers and Trades chief executive said that average emissions have fallen every year during the last decade. Through technological innovation and consumer education, manufacturers have made genuine progress towards meeting tough environmental targets, (Young, 2009) Several manufacturers including Saab think the solution to reducing vehicle emissions is through the use of Flex-fuel cars or bio powered cars. These types of vehicles can run on emissions free E85 ethanol or petrol or a combination of the two (Quirk, 2008) Flexible fuel vehicles have been in production since the 1980s and have been made available to many customers who might not even know they have this type of engine in their car. (U.S Department of Energy, 2009). Flexible fuel vehicles do not experience any loss of performance when using E85 ethanol. However, since a gallon of ethanol contains less energy than a gallon of gasoline, flexible fuel vehicles typically get about 20-30% fewer miles per gallon when fuelled with E85. U.S Department of Energy (2009). Flexible fuel vehicles are an incremental innovation on regular internal combustion engine vehicles as most of the technology is the same. The only difference is that they can run on a different type of fuel. Flexible fuel vehicles produce no harmful emissions so they will help meet emissions targets but first consumers need to switch to using e85 ethanol and this will only happen if the price of e85 is not high as it has lower fuel efficiency than petrol. E85 ethanol is still some way off from being readily made available to the public because there is a lack in the number of refineries to create the fuel and pumping stations to provide it. (Quirk, 2008). Flexible fuel cars are in the fluid phase of the Abernathy and Utterback model (see Appendix 3 for full definition) as a core component (the e85 ethanol fuel) is not widely available. This lack of availability of the fuel is also slowing the innovation of flexible fuel vehicles as the fuel is not there to run flexible fuel vehicles so the vehicle manufacturers are not going to put their full effort into improving the technology. 6. CONVENIENCE AND SAFETY CAR INNOVATIONS There have been many road accidents and the main contributors to these are alcohol and careless driving. To discourage drink-driving there have been many campaigns to reduce the number of casualties from road accidents. (National Statistics, 2009). In recent years there has been an increase in accidents involving alcohol compared to a sharp fall in the mid-1980s and mid-1990s. In 1986, 560 people were killed compared to 1000 people in 2000. (See Appendix 2 for full statistics) (National Statistics, 2009). Also according to Volvo, driver sleepiness is responsible for more road deaths than alcohol. In Germany, it is thought to account for a quarter of all fatal accidents and in the US about 1,500 deaths a year. (Automotive Engineer, 2006).This has therefore meant that car manufacturers have created innovations to help prevent these from happening again such as: Volvo has created the collision warning system to help prevent accidents from occurring. This system uses a wide angle sensor to scan around the car for any objects that may be near much like radar technology. A signal alerts the driver to react, if for example the car is approaching a pedestrian which will give the driver enough time to divert the vehicle away from the pedestrian (Quirk, 2008). To help lower alcohol related accidents Saab has created the Alco-Key. Saab has begun fitting this device as standard in their cars; it is a fully integrated system that requests the driver to blow into a wireless hand-held unit before driving the car. Their breath is then analysed and if the blood-alcohol limit is exceeded, a red LED will appear and the engine will not start (Quirk, 2008). Volvo has introduced the Sleep Detection system which includes Lane Departure Warning (LDW) and Driver Alert Control (DAC). LDW uses cameras located between the windscreen and the rear view mirror and monitors the cars position between the road markings. Only after a certain speed is reached does the system become active, if the car then wanders across any lane markings without using an indicator, the driver is audibly alerted (Quirk, 2008). These creations are product innovations as they are new innovations that car manufacturers have created and offer with their vehicles. The fact they have been produced as a response to help prevent alcohol related accidents, which is a social factor, makes them a response to a market pull. The fact that the Alco-key is the first system that prevents drinking driving could lead to Saab gaining the first mover advantage, if such technology was to become mandatory. This advantage would be kept through the fact Saab has a patent on the technology (Free Patents Online, 2009) and a patent prevents other companies from using the technology without Saabs permission. 7. THE KYOTO PROTOCOL The Kyoto Protocol was an international agreement originally created in 1997 but in 2005 it was made legally binding, and is linked to the United Nations Framework of Climate Control. The agreement set targets for industrialised countries to cut their emission of harmful greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, plus several others) which are partially the cause of the increase of global warming. The countries that signed the Kyoto Protocol agreed to set their own targets e.g. Japan agreed to meet a 5% cut in emissions by 2008-2012 and most EU countries agreed to an 8% cut (BBC, 2005). Carbon dioxide is created by internal combustion engine vehicles and given off from their exhaust; therefore its a cause of global warming. To meet the targets agreed, governments and automobile manufacturers need to work together. In 2007, the Japanese government agreed to spend 200 billion yen on the improvement of hybrid vehicles to lower their emissions (Reuters, 2007) as HEVs emit less harmful gases than a petrol engine (What Green Car, 2009). Also in Japan, Toyota has achieved its target of reducing carbon dioxide emissions, from 2.12 million to 1.78 million tons. It did this through decreasing their energy usage by 40% and replacing multiple production lines with single lines capable of producing different vehicles (I. Rowley, 2005). The change in their use of production lines which increased efficiency is a process innovation as it is a change in the way the vehicles were created. Both of the above examples are market pulls on innovation for the fact the change is a response to a market/government requirement. The Kyoto Protocol is a political factor based on an environmental factor (global warming), having an effect on innovation as the governments in many countries are trying to adhere to it and to adhere to it requires the government to intervene change the vehicles that the automobile industry produces and the way they are produced. 8. CONCLUSION It is clear that out of the PESTLE factors, the main one which is having the greatest effect on innovation in the automobile industry is political. Many governments are concerned about global warming and it is the automotive industry which is adding to worsening of the effects of global warming through the emissions of their vehicles and their manufacturing plants. This has led to governments to intervene in the automotive industry to make vehicle manufacturers improve their own vehicles and facilities, through innovations which have mostly been incremental. However FreedomCAR looks promising for the environment as it is hoping to create an architectural innovation, the hydrogen fuel cell vehicles that have little impact on the environment, and help meet the governments reason for creating these market pulls on innovation. It also lacks the restrictive deadlines and conflicting objectives that PNGV had which will help increase the programs chance of success. So it may be political fa ctors that are having a direct affect on innovation but these political influences are mainly based environmental factors. Social aspects are also having an affect on innovation through the improvement of safety of the vehicles that are produced. The increase in the number of accidents and alcohol related accidents has led to a market pull on innovation for vehicle manufacturers, as they have created these improvements in safety due to this increase. As it is the political factors that are directly influencing the innovations that manufacturers create, means they are not doing it in response to the environmental factors themselves. This means the automotive industry are not wanting to help lower their affect on the environment even though it is them adding to global warming. 9. RECOMMENDATIONS This report shows that the vehicle manufacturers have only begun being environmentally concerned because of political factors their having on the industry. We would recommend that the manufacturers start thinking in a more environmentally friendly manner e.g. by investing in new machinery and production facilities similar to those of Toyota which emit lower carbon emissions. Another recommendation is the manufacturers start to create more flexible fuel vehicles and promote their availability which will increase the likeliness that consumers will switch to them. But also for consumers to switch will require that more refineries which can produce the e85 ethanol needed for the vehicles to be created. Also the price of the fuel will need to regulate as to prevent it from being too high as consumers may decide not to use e85 for the fact it has a lower fuel efficiency than petrol. 10. APPENDIX Appendix 1 Diagram showing the structure of PNGV. APPENDIX 2 Casualties from road accidents involving illegal alcohol levels, 1986-2000 United Kingdom Thousands Source: Department for Transport, Local Government and the Regions; Royal Ulster Constabulary Casualties from road accidents involving illegal alcohol levels, 1986-2000 ThousandsSeriousSlightAllFatalinjuriesinjuriescasualties 1986United Kingdom 1.03 6.57 19.60 27.20 1987 0.93 6.01 17.99 24.93 1988 0.81 5.18 17.25 23.24 1989 0.84 4.92 17.05 22.81 1990 0.80 4.23 16.01 21.04 1991 0.69 3.72 14.00 18.41 1992 0.69 3.40 13.28 17.37 1993 0.57 2.82 12.25 15.63 1994 0.54 2.95 12.26 15.75 1995 0.56 3.10 12.89 16.56 1996 0.60 3.13 13.93 17.67 1997 0.57 3.07 13.90 17.55 1998 0.49 2.68 13.25 16.42 1999 0.48 2.60 14.64 17.72 2000 0.56 2.71 15.75 19.02 Source: Department for Transport, Local Government and the Regions; Royal Ulster Constabulary National Statistics (2009) Appendix 3 The Abernathy and Utterback model says that technology can be in 3 different phases, fluid, transitional or specific. Fluid Many uncertainties with the technology and in the market prevail. Large amounts of experimentation going on with the technology and core components are not fully available/developed. Very few competitors. Transitional Firms are learning more about the technology and a dominant design has been accepted by many of the competing firms. Specific Companies are creating incremental innovation on the dominant design and are targeting specific market segments (Innovation Zen, 2006)

The Last Turn of the Crew: A “Battle” between the Governess and Miles E

Henry James’ the Turn of the Screw, written in the Victoria era, tells a ghost story of a governess’s experience with two children in the house. By presenting the story in a symbolic way, the ambiguous narrative of the ghost story suggests an inner conflict of immorality and innocence in the governess. It also seems to imply a loss of insanity and a tragedy as a result of the oppression of desire. This paper will argue that chapter 23 is the most crucial part of the story, because it is the first moment the Governess found the weakness of the ghosts and has a real confrontation with the ghost indirectly through Miles. Miles’ suggestion of going out drives her to the wall, which leads to the tragic end that the only way for governess to protect Miles is to hold him in her, even it is too tight to kill him. The paper will first analyze important scenes in chapter 23. Then it will reveal the symbolic meanings and the latent conflicts in the story, which is signific ant to their â€Å"battle† in chapter 23 and the ending. Before chapter 23, Flora is finally â€Å"corrupted† by Miss Jessel as the governess perceives, which signifies a failure of the governess to protect the children. The sudden change not only leaves the governess faces Miles alone, but also forces the governess to make a resolution. The governess realizes that the situation is â€Å"demanding [†¦] only another turn of the screw† (79). And the final turn of the screw which push her into an extremely â€Å"unusual direction† (79) takes place in chapter 23. The chapter starts with a vague dialogue between governess and Miles who are left alone. The governess first denies that they are not absolutely alone, implying the existence of the ghosts. However, Miles seems to accept that by answer... ...riumph, Miles breaks that by asking for going out, which breaks her last nerve and sanity. The only thing the governess can do to defense her power and her innocence is to hold Miles tightly till his death so that â€Å"[Quint] has lost [Miles] forever† (87). In conclusion, since the governess perceives the fight between the ghosts and her represents her inner fight of immoral and moral, the confrontation in chapter 23 is the last turn of the screw as the governess finally discovers the weakness of the ghost and it is the last chance for her to win. Mile’s request starts a quiet â€Å"fight† between them and drives the whole story to an extreme direction that the governess at last loses her sanity with an excessive protection that kills Miles. The story thus seems to imply an insanity and tragedy as a result of oppressed desire and sexuality in the special period of time.